1
00:00:05,156 --> 00:00:07,709
At a given time we understood

2
00:00:08,350 --> 00:00:09,298
that we were

3
00:00:09,298 --> 00:00:10,645
on our way
to independence..

4
00:00:11,330 --> 00:00:15,500
and by that time, people stopped waiting

5
00:00:17,012 --> 00:00:21,026
It's spontaneous
and not spontaneous at the same time.

6
00:00:22,557 --> 00:00:24,303

Cause it still took a few people

7
00:00:25,120 --> 00:00:26,139
the first ones out

8
00:00:26,605 --> 00:00:28,525
to drag all the others behind.

9
00:00:29,080 --> 00:00:30,833

Unless there was a watchword...

10
00:00:31,660 --> 00:00:33,157

But this I don't remember.

11
00:00:35,030 --> 00:00:36,342
I don't remember that.

12
00:00:38,942 --> 00:00:42,338
Only one hero the people

13
00:01:15,403 --> 00:01:16,452
On December 11th

14
00:01:16,454 --> 00:01:19,576
it is the second breath 
of the revolution of November 1st, 1954.

15
00:01:20,038 --> 00:01:21,970
If it hadn't been for December 11th...

16
00:01:23,160 --> 00:01:26,634
We wouldn't be free

17
00:01:27,414 --> 00:01:28,609
The surprise was total

18
00:01:29,056 --> 00:01:30,307
including among our ranks

19
00:01:30,790 --> 00:01:32,208
i.e. the GPRA itself

20
00:01:32,459 --> 00:01:34,186
the Interim Government of Algeria

21
00:01:34,767 --> 00:01:36,706

didn't know exactly what happened.

22
00:01:37,050 --> 00:01:39,395

It took him 4 or 5 days to react.

23
00:01:39,916 --> 00:01:42,153
The women have joined the guerilla

24
00:01:42,692 --> 00:01:44,171
They took up arms

25
00:01:44,171 --> 00:01:45,510
They were bombers

26
00:01:45,959 --> 00:01:47,934

They didn't ask anyone's opinion...

27
00:01:48,437 --> 00:01:50,818
When I went out to protest
I was 13 years old...

28
00:01:50,952 --> 00:01:52,194
I didn't ask anyone!

29
00:01:52,263 --> 00:01:53,540
I didn't tell my mother

30
00:01:53,540 --> 00:01:54,782
"Here, I'm going out... "

31
00:01:54,782 --> 00:01:56,442
I put on my pants and I came out !

32
00:01:56,629 --> 00:01:59,370
You can see that silence
falling right away

33
00:01:59,692 --> 00:02:01,218
people going out on the street

34
00:02:01,919 --> 00:02:05,483
brave the tanks and the French army...

35
00:02:05,795 --> 00:02:07,589
For us it was huge

36
00:02:07,889 --> 00:02:11,365
We felt that it was the people
who regained power...

37
00:02:11,824 --> 00:02:13,957
who took matters into thei own hands

38
00:02:17,217 --> 00:02:19,141
Where are you, mistress of the place ?

39
00:02:19,212 --> 00:02:20,432
Where are you ?

40
00:02:21,290 --> 00:02:23,413
Where are you, mistress of the place ?

41
00:02:24,727 --> 00:02:26,372
It was raining on the black street

42
00:02:26,733 --> 00:02:28,388
It was raining on the white veils

43
00:02:29,270 --> 00:02:31,245
It was raining on the grey sea

44
00:02:43,208 --> 00:02:44,897
France created misery in Algeria

45
00:02:45,210 --> 00:02:46,733
Resident of Belcourt (Algiers) 
in December 1960

46
00:02:46,943 --> 00:02:48,369
That's why people rebelled

47
00:02:49,110 --> 00:02:51,056
We couldn't get into swimming pools

48
00:02:51,365 --> 00:02:54,143
We couldn't get into movie theaters...

49
00:02:55,709 --> 00:02:57,545
We couldn't afford to get dressed...

50
00:02:58,320 --> 00:03:00,798
They'd tell you
"You don't dress nice, you go out"

51
00:03:01,331 --> 00:03:03,297
But give me the means to get dressed!

52
00:03:04,553 --> 00:03:07,123
I have some vague but vivid memories...

53
00:03:07,653 --> 00:03:09,300
living in Algiers in 1960.

54
00:03:11,074 --> 00:03:14,020
I was told that our village, our douar...

55
00:03:14,657 --> 00:03:16,011
has been decimated

56
00:03:17,741 --> 00:03:20,383
The French military came

57
00:03:21,871 --> 00:03:24,261
and they picked up all the men

58
00:03:25,583 --> 00:03:27,280
valid or invalid

59
00:03:28,619 --> 00:03:30,086
They loaded them on the trucks

60
00:03:31,195 --> 00:03:32,455
They came out

61
00:03:32,455 --> 00:03:35,665
a few miles from the douar...

62
00:03:37,275 --> 00:03:40,880
They lined them up against a wall

63
00:03:45,565 --> 00:03:47,006
And they hosed them down

64
00:03:47,146 --> 00:03:49,556
They killed them, all of them

65
00:03:50,080 --> 00:03:51,720
except one

66
00:03:59,098 --> 00:04:02,824
Starting in 1959, my family was decimated

67
00:04:05,569 --> 00:04:07,227
Demonstrator
in Bou Ismaïl in 1960

68
00:04:07,534 --> 00:04:09,621
My brother Mohammed was killed

69
00:04:09,896 --> 00:04:11,214
My father was killed

70
00:04:12,223 --> 00:04:14,954
My father was 54 years old
when he was wanted...

71
00:04:15,147 --> 00:04:16,765
There was fierce repression

72
00:04:16,937 --> 00:04:18,682
The 2nd [Intelligence] Bureau arrested

73
00:04:18,766 --> 00:04:19,841
tortured to death...

74
00:04:20,031 --> 00:04:22,032
and it dumped the victims' bodies

75
00:04:22,032 --> 00:04:24,033
out in the open a lot...

76
00:04:24,141 --> 00:04:26,038
or barely buried in a dump

77
00:04:26,487 --> 00:04:28,810
next to the military base...

78
00:04:29,282 --> 00:04:31,152
From 1960

79
00:04:32,223 --> 00:04:35,547
with my mother we have been arrested

80
00:04:35,949 --> 00:04:37,252
taken into hostages

81
00:04:38,080 --> 00:04:39,255
because they thought

82
00:04:39,255 --> 00:04:40,821
my father was going to surrender

83
00:04:41,299 --> 00:04:44,265
We were sequestered for eight months

84
00:04:45,006 --> 00:04:50,574
we were tortured very cruelly
together

85
00:04:50,601 --> 00:04:52,192
which meant 
I was being tortured

86
00:04:52,192 --> 00:04:53,192
in front of my mother

87
00:04:53,192 --> 00:04:54,155
and vice versa...

88
00:04:54,557 --> 00:04:55,961
And when my father was killed

89
00:04:56,431 --> 00:04:59,640
denounced by informants 
from the 2nd Bureau

90
00:05:00,919 --> 00:05:05,130
his remains were strapped
to the hood of a Half Track.

91
00:05:06,022 --> 00:05:07,692
He was transported to Gouraya

92
00:05:07,775 --> 00:05:09,142
in front of the townhall...

93
00:05:09,261 --> 00:05:13,107
where he was lynched by onlookers...

94
00:05:15,910 --> 00:05:18,090
excited by the officers of the 2nd Bureau

95
00:05:18,730 --> 00:05:20,140
in the presence of the mayor

96
00:05:20,186 --> 00:05:22,828
and council and the military police

97
00:05:23,432 --> 00:05:26,208
And we couldn't recover his body...

98
00:05:27,077 --> 00:05:29,102
And so, when we got out of prison

99
00:05:31,041 --> 00:05:39,043
my mother...
wasn't self-sufficient anymore.

100
00:05:55,180 --> 00:05:57,336
My Uncle Ali was arrested...

101
00:05:57,436 --> 00:05:58,916
Niece of lawyer
Ali Boumendjel

102
00:05:59,028 --> 00:06:01,453
in February 1957
during the Battle of Algiers

103
00:06:03,104 --> 00:06:06,699
He suffered 40 days of torture

104
00:06:09,172 --> 00:06:12,475
And he died under torture

105
00:06:13,385 --> 00:06:17,842
He was "suicided"

106
00:06:21,324 --> 00:06:23,367
And we read about it in the papers

107
00:06:23,594 --> 00:06:26,623
Meaning the army 
didn't even have the decency

108
00:06:26,747 --> 00:06:28,523
to notify the family of his death

109
00:06:31,748 --> 00:06:33,841
It's true that I've had the good fortune

110
00:06:34,483 --> 00:06:35,951
FLN militant
in Algiers in 1960

111
00:06:36,522 --> 00:06:39,256
to live through this whole period

112
00:06:39,381 --> 00:06:41,896
from my childhood, from the age of 10

113
00:06:42,074 --> 00:06:43,755
in a revolutionary family

114
00:06:44,334 --> 00:06:46,069
until 1962

115
00:06:46,380 --> 00:06:47,882
I was arrested four times

116
00:06:47,971 --> 00:06:49,501
I've been tortured four times

117
00:06:49,672 --> 00:06:51,686
I've experienced all kinds of electricity

118
00:06:51,884 --> 00:06:54,194
While I'm an electrician myself

119
00:06:55,886 --> 00:06:58,940
I was first arrested
by Bigeard's soldiers...

120
00:07:00,896 --> 00:07:02,731
I was tortured at a school

121
00:07:03,403 --> 00:07:06,387
in Hussein-Dey, near Leveilley

122
00:07:08,332 --> 00:07:10,025
We were completely rejected

123
00:07:10,434 --> 00:07:15,131
We were two Algerian girls
in the whole class...

124
00:07:15,475 --> 00:07:16,914
Inhabitant of Belcourt
in 1960

125
00:07:17,335 --> 00:07:25,021
We were living... a form of apartheid

126
00:07:25,854 --> 00:07:28,247
Because our girlfriends

127
00:07:28,247 --> 00:07:30,640
supposedly, weren't looking at us

128
00:07:30,900 --> 00:07:32,331
They didn't talk to us

129
00:07:32,457 --> 00:07:34,061
We were completely isolated

130
00:07:35,840 --> 00:07:37,492
We were clinging to each other,

131
00:07:39,384 --> 00:07:42,092
like around a buoy.

132
00:07:42,429 --> 00:07:44,185
The others weren't
looking at us

133
00:07:44,315 --> 00:07:45,752
it was awful.

134
00:07:45,902 --> 00:07:47,646
That's the only memory I have of it.

135
00:07:47,797 --> 00:07:49,681
Through my personal case

136
00:07:49,795 --> 00:07:51,325
Mujahida
refugee in Tunis in 1960

137
00:07:51,436 --> 00:07:52,366
I can tell you that

138
00:07:52,366 --> 00:07:54,667
we rubbed shoulders
without talking to each other

139
00:07:54,798 --> 00:07:57,728
We were invisible to them
and we saw them...

140
00:07:58,431 --> 00:08:00,741
But we had no trade. Not even a word.

141
00:08:00,824 --> 00:08:05,282
I went through my entire schooling
from six years old to college...

142
00:08:05,653 --> 00:08:09,210
without ever speaking to 
a classmate of mine.

143
00:08:09,696 --> 00:08:11,105
Never.

144
00:08:11,329 --> 00:08:15,111
We lived in completely 
separate communities

145
00:08:16,018 --> 00:08:17,337
So we lived among ourselves

146
00:08:17,594 --> 00:08:19,359
Them on their side and us on ours

147
00:08:19,901 --> 00:08:22,856
The few relationships we had
were with the jews.

148
00:08:25,721 --> 00:08:28,782
lived and I was born 
at the foot of the prison

149
00:08:29,114 --> 00:08:30,434
where the guillotine was...

150
00:08:30,470 --> 00:08:31,589
Serkadji! Barbarossa.

151
00:08:32,700 --> 00:08:34,429
Of sinister memory.

152
00:08:35,185 --> 00:08:37,913
You see and hear
the neighbours calling out to each other.

153
00:08:38,753 --> 00:08:39,498
And say :

154
00:08:39,606 --> 00:08:42,984
"Who is this unfortunate person
whose throat is going to be cut? »

155
00:08:43,902 --> 00:08:45,701
I could hear with my own ears :

156
00:08:46,337 --> 00:08:48,400
" Silence, we're going to find out."

157
00:08:49,185 --> 00:08:53,441
And it was groups of prisoners
who united their voices

158
00:08:54,004 --> 00:08:54,939
to say :

159
00:08:54,939 --> 00:08:59,054
"Today, Abderrazak Hahad will be executed."

160
00:09:00,664 --> 00:09:04,397
It was taken over by screaming
tearing youyous

161
00:09:06,953 --> 00:09:09,631
We saw our dads burst into tears.

162
00:09:10,003 --> 00:09:12,695
I lived these executions in my very flesh.

163
00:09:13,779 --> 00:09:16,408
I will carry the trauma
for the rest of my life.

164
00:09:17,067 --> 00:09:19,470
But despite all the repression

165
00:09:19,874 --> 00:09:23,189
and all the military force
that was employed

166
00:09:23,929 --> 00:09:27,687
the resistance hasn't stopped
for one day !

167
00:09:49,926 --> 00:09:52,359
Freelance journalist, Algiers.

168
00:09:52,926 --> 00:09:54,692
The conquest was made

169
00:09:54,782 --> 00:09:59,748
through the most brutal military means.

170
00:10:00,115 --> 00:10:01,395
That is to say that

171
00:10:01,407 --> 00:10:03,898
the first institutions 
that were set up in Algeria

172
00:10:04,063 --> 00:10:06,198
from 1830 and the arrival of the French

173
00:10:06,250 --> 00:10:08,674
it's been the military barracks
and the whorehouses.

174
00:10:08,799 --> 00:10:11,574
The conquest was
first made with the objective

175
00:10:11,856 --> 00:10:14,950
to destroy the economic
and social organization

176
00:10:15,279 --> 00:10:19,403
which was centered on
the collective ownership of the land

177
00:10:19,588 --> 00:10:21,626
some kind of community organization

178
00:10:21,846 --> 00:10:27,027
and subsistence agriculture
in most of Algeria's territories.

179
00:10:27,474 --> 00:10:29,908
The conquest of Algeria
lasted almost a century.

180
00:10:30,076 --> 00:10:33,459
From 1830, the conquest of Algiers
to 1916 approximately

181
00:10:33,553 --> 00:10:35,646
with Janet's conquest in the deep South.

182
00:10:35,935 --> 00:10:37,555
And that also tells us about

183
00:10:37,605 --> 00:10:40,010
the extent and permanence
of popular resistance...

184
00:10:40,149 --> 00:10:42,028
that has taken on different forms.

185
00:10:42,197 --> 00:10:44,290
For instance
the history of colonial prisons

186
00:10:44,370 --> 00:10:45,404
you see...

187
00:10:46,114 --> 00:10:49,540
that's where
the carceral system has been....

188
00:10:49,918 --> 00:10:50,946
It's pre-1954

189
00:10:51,106 --> 00:10:53,775
and that's where
the "modern" prison system...

190
00:10:54,009 --> 00:10:56,276
which is now being applied
in the United States

191
00:10:56,480 --> 00:10:58,254
on Black and Hispanic populations

192
00:10:58,409 --> 00:11:01,322
in France, still on the Maghreb
and Black populations

193
00:11:01,379 --> 00:11:02,822
and in the rest of the world

194
00:11:02,822 --> 00:11:04,298
it was first experienced here.

195
00:11:04,318 --> 00:11:07,027
The large convict populations
throughout the 20th century

196
00:11:07,529 --> 00:11:09,459
The ones they called "the Apaches"...

197
00:11:09,472 --> 00:11:11,251
The ones we so-call
bandits of honour,

198
00:11:11,380 --> 00:11:12,533
these are the people

199
00:11:12,533 --> 00:11:14,465
who have not accepted
colonial domination

200
00:11:14,594 --> 00:11:16,877
and started robbing big settlers...

201
00:11:16,954 --> 00:11:19,368
then to help their village.

202
00:11:19,605 --> 00:11:20,468
You see

203
00:11:20,548 --> 00:11:24,159
That myth has never left
the minds of the Algerians...

204
00:11:24,529 --> 00:11:26,051
and not just Algerians

205
00:11:26,174 --> 00:11:29,480
I think this is true
of all oppressed populations

206
00:11:29,600 --> 00:11:31,422
under colonialism, enslaved...

207
00:11:32,439 --> 00:11:34,889
And so this whole process has resulted in

208
00:11:35,176 --> 00:11:38,063
the complete breakdown
of the economic and social base...

209
00:11:38,891 --> 00:11:40,796
and they implanted on that

210
00:11:41,002 --> 00:11:43,017
the most ferocious capitalism.

211
00:11:44,606 --> 00:11:45,994
Benghrine Lakhdar,

212
00:11:46,409 --> 00:11:48,749
The land company creates
an irrigation area

213
00:11:49,212 --> 00:11:51,520
The land isn't yours
until you pay your debt

214
00:11:52,025 --> 00:11:53,633
You have four years to pay.

215
00:12:06,773 --> 00:12:09,948
Look at the conditions
in which Algerians lived at the time.

216
00:12:11,755 --> 00:12:14,295
I'll skip over the barefoot details

217
00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:33,567
This recurring repression

218
00:12:33,764 --> 00:12:35,336
Historian, Algiers

219
00:12:37,168 --> 00:12:40,134
it has a common denominator

220
00:12:41,496 --> 00:12:46,284
It's that any form of uprising

221
00:12:46,698 --> 00:12:47,893
any kind of resistance

222
00:12:47,960 --> 00:12:49,750
any form of insurrection

223
00:12:50,350 --> 00:12:52,985
had to be destroyed

224
00:12:53,758 --> 00:12:54,884
brutally

225
00:12:55,896 --> 00:12:57,682
deeply

226
00:12:58,498 --> 00:13:00,162
and in a durable way.

227
00:13:01,092 --> 00:13:04,038
And it targeted not only
the insurgents themselves...

228
00:13:04,303 --> 00:13:06,230
the arms bearers in a manner of speaking

229
00:13:06,849 --> 00:13:08,730
but it was also aimed at the people.

230
00:13:08,957 --> 00:13:10,536
This is not a new fact

231
00:13:10,702 --> 00:13:13,710
in the history of
colonial repression in Algeria

232
00:13:14,489 --> 00:13:18,290
it happened back in the 19th century.

233
00:13:18,501 --> 00:13:24,062
with the insurgencies
in different parts of the country...

234
00:13:24,541 --> 00:13:26,757
It happened in 1871

235
00:13:26,757 --> 00:13:28,021
with what we called

236
00:13:28,021 --> 00:13:29,282
"El Mokrani Uprising"...

237
00:13:29,742 --> 00:13:32,162
It happened on May 8th, 1945

238
00:13:33,192 --> 00:13:35,878
with the repression of uprisings

239
00:13:36,683 --> 00:13:39,027
which in fact were a call

240
00:13:40,407 --> 00:13:43,846
for the recognition of
Algeria's independence...

241
00:13:43,973 --> 00:13:49,048
as promised by the Atlantic Pact allies.

242
00:13:57,557 --> 00:13:59,354
Historian
lived in Constantine in 1960

243
00:13:59,408 --> 00:14:01,317
Apart from a few events...

244
00:14:01,372 --> 00:14:04,092
somewhat forgotten by historiography.

245
00:14:04,855 --> 00:14:07,547
It's still one of the first irruptions

246
00:14:08,405 --> 00:14:10,634
of the Algerian population
in the public space

247
00:14:11,045 --> 00:14:13,732
It is difficult to find traces
of these demonstrations

248
00:14:14,431 --> 00:14:16,870
apart from newspapers
some military reports...

249
00:14:19,225 --> 00:14:22,772
That's why the oral testimony

250
00:14:23,638 --> 00:14:26,636
are decisive for knowledge

251
00:14:27,096 --> 00:14:29,899
Things aren't that spontaneous

252
00:14:30,561 --> 00:14:34,769
There are things more or less aslept

253
00:14:42,171 --> 00:14:46,176
the conscience of these
young high school students anyway...

254
00:14:46,328 --> 00:14:49,238
they know it's a war of liberation...

255
00:14:50,188 --> 00:14:52,442
They're more or less politicized

256
00:14:52,686 --> 00:14:54,958
even in the absence of any organization

257
00:14:55,102 --> 00:14:57,724
by the very fact that
they attend every day

258
00:14:57,919 --> 00:15:00,452
and within their own
families and neighbourhoods

259
00:15:01,194 --> 00:15:02,904
They know about the repression

260
00:15:02,954 --> 00:15:04,345
They know about the situation

261
00:15:04,492 --> 00:15:07,580
Even if the newspapers
don't say everything

262
00:15:07,864 --> 00:15:08,882
we read the paper

263
00:15:08,902 --> 00:15:10,110
we know what's going on

264
00:15:10,140 --> 00:15:11,656
all over the country

265
00:15:11,700 --> 00:15:13,717
but also what's going on outside

266
00:15:13,857 --> 00:15:15,428
For example
listening to the radio

267
00:15:16,544 --> 00:15:19,159
it's something that mobilizes
the Algerian people a lot

268
00:15:19,159 --> 00:15:20,897
I don't think there's a single home

269
00:15:20,897 --> 00:15:21,606
during the war

270
00:15:21,606 --> 00:15:22,850
that doesn't
have his radio

271
00:15:22,856 --> 00:15:28,351
To listen, not just Tunis or Cairo...

272
00:15:28,351 --> 00:15:29,099
I remember

273
00:15:29,099 --> 00:15:31,384
my father used to
listen to a lot of London radio

274
00:15:31,766 --> 00:15:35,644
And so, there's this kind of boiling...

275
00:15:39,459 --> 00:15:40,855
and I think that indeed

276
00:15:41,420 --> 00:15:43,187
when there are these demonstrations

277
00:15:43,187 --> 00:15:45,699
it's not surprising that
people shouted :

278
00:15:45,761 --> 00:15:47,680
"Tahiat el Djazair! »
(Long live Algeria)

279
00:15:47,986 --> 00:15:50,966
We need to see what's going on inside...

280
00:15:51,647 --> 00:15:53,568
among families, between families

281
00:15:53,825 --> 00:15:56,255
What is said and what is argued

282
00:15:56,849 --> 00:15:59,262
but all that, as an aside

283
00:15:59,458 --> 00:16:01,945
It's this geography of mobilization
that's unknown...

284
00:16:02,546 --> 00:16:04,991
and that we should try to assess

285
00:16:05,009 --> 00:16:06,600
what happened in the houses

286
00:16:06,687 --> 00:16:08,291
how to pick up every penny

287
00:16:08,314 --> 00:16:10,062
even if there are the children

288
00:16:10,062 --> 00:16:12,089
but we give it to the revolutionary tax

289
00:16:12,089 --> 00:16:13,615
And we know it's important

290
00:16:14,519 --> 00:16:17,834
And we wait
and we hope for independence

291
00:16:30,963 --> 00:16:32,887
Demonstrator in Algiers
in December 1960.

292
00:16:33,064 --> 00:16:36,679
Many of our teachers were progressive

293
00:16:37,470 --> 00:16:41,559
many were communists
many were with us

294
00:16:41,669 --> 00:16:44,815
how many times we made fun of them

295
00:16:44,836 --> 00:16:47,004
because
we were singing the Marseillaise...

296
00:16:47,089 --> 00:16:48,857
and at the end it said "pig tail"...

297
00:16:50,947 --> 00:16:52,765
and she'd say
"who's saying that?

298
00:16:52,865 --> 00:16:54,254
What are you saying! »

299
00:16:54,300 --> 00:16:56,089
so of course we
full of courage, said:

300
00:16:56,089 --> 00:16:57,138
"It's us, madam!"

301
00:16:57,288 --> 00:16:58,350
I was the one who read

302
00:16:58,350 --> 00:16:59,443
the paper to my mother

303
00:16:59,629 --> 00:17:01,653
And one day
she gave me this thought :

304
00:17:02,136 --> 00:17:04,569
« At this rate
there won't be anyone left

305
00:17:06,149 --> 00:17:07,825
if they keep killing us every day

306
00:17:07,825 --> 00:17:09,537
there won't be
a single Algerian left

307
00:17:09,537 --> 00:17:10,242
She said :

308
00:17:10,242 --> 00:17:11,112
« They lie so much

309
00:17:11,112 --> 00:17:12,175
what are they doing ?

310
00:17:12,175 --> 00:17:13,597
Why do they lie like that ? »

311
00:17:18,962 --> 00:17:20,656
My mother was a revolutionary !

312
00:17:22,173 --> 00:17:23,523
I knew it afterwards

313
00:17:24,700 --> 00:17:27,929
Because she collected medicine

314
00:17:28,590 --> 00:17:32,264
She hid weapons

315
00:17:33,215 --> 00:17:36,772
We had benches like this
they were hollow

316
00:17:40,053 --> 00:17:41,443
At the bottom of the sofas

317
00:17:41,443 --> 00:17:43,847
she put the weapons in there

318
00:17:43,847 --> 00:17:45,293
And then
every once in a while

319
00:17:45,293 --> 00:17:46,488
when people would come in

320
00:17:46,488 --> 00:17:47,763
they would collect them...

321
00:17:48,473 --> 00:17:49,505
But one day I saw

322
00:17:49,765 --> 00:17:50,795
One day I saw, yes

323
00:17:53,619 --> 00:17:56,582
You've been political training
since you were born

324
00:17:57,583 --> 00:17:58,823
You are in direct contact

325
00:17:59,969 --> 00:18:01,571
you are in a permanent intimacy

326
00:18:02,223 --> 00:18:03,754
with the one who dominates you

327
00:18:04,184 --> 00:18:05,797
with the one who crushes you

328
00:18:06,931 --> 00:18:08,208
You are bound

329
00:18:08,403 --> 00:18:09,876
as early as elementary school

330
00:18:09,876 --> 00:18:10,683
because you're

331
00:18:10,683 --> 00:18:12,936
one of the few people
who can read and write...

332
00:18:12,936 --> 00:18:14,629
to be the penholder for the adults

333
00:18:15,706 --> 00:18:18,268
that will give you a way of thinking

334
00:18:18,268 --> 00:18:20,405
a way of being
of saying things

335
00:18:21,423 --> 00:18:23,389
Who's gonna write to the inmates

336
00:18:24,072 --> 00:18:26,443
apply for a job...

337
00:18:26,968 --> 00:18:30,073
ask for help,
a destitution card

338
00:18:30,671 --> 00:18:33,413
All this, you're a child
you're a teenage

339
00:18:34,531 --> 00:18:37,585
you're in the process of
integrating into your mind

340
00:18:38,448 --> 00:18:40,474
the mode of domination
and therefore

341
00:18:40,474 --> 00:18:42,500
the will to get out of it...

342
00:19:03,099 --> 00:19:05,662
Basically, we're going into

343
00:19:06,565 --> 00:19:07,728
not in a new form

344
00:19:07,728 --> 00:19:09,551
as far as
colonial history is concerned

345
00:19:10,314 --> 00:19:12,004
but in the history of war

346
00:19:12,559 --> 00:19:15,214
we are entering a new form of war

347
00:19:15,479 --> 00:19:17,376
which is an urban war

348
00:19:18,077 --> 00:19:19,688
against an insurgent population

349
00:19:20,451 --> 00:19:22,703
to take down a clandestine organization

350
00:19:22,768 --> 00:19:27,208
It's a philosophy... of repression

351
00:19:27,208 --> 00:19:30,065
of all forms of resistance
in a colonial situation...

352
00:19:30,695 --> 00:19:31,725
And this philosophy

353
00:19:31,725 --> 00:19:35,756
will be reflected in what
has been called the Battle of Algiers...

354
00:19:35,812 --> 00:19:38,355
what the French have called
"the battle of Algiers"

355
00:19:39,220 --> 00:19:42,856
On the Algerian side
on the FLN and ALN side

356
00:19:42,856 --> 00:19:45,497
it's not a battle
in the traditional sense of the word

357
00:19:46,666 --> 00:19:50,461
It's the deployment
of a considerable force

358
00:19:53,592 --> 00:19:54,895
of colonial France

359
00:19:55,710 --> 00:19:57,854
so that any possibility of resistance

360
00:19:57,854 --> 00:19:59,759
can be nullified...

361
00:20:01,526 --> 00:20:03,524
and any possibility of organization

362
00:20:03,974 --> 00:20:07,532
of Algerians for their independence

363
00:20:07,930 --> 00:20:09,530
I know that in Bel Air
for example

364
00:20:09,530 --> 00:20:10,627
in our neighbourhood

365
00:20:10,627 --> 00:20:12,303
we had...

366
00:20:12,303 --> 00:20:15,879
a fidaia group
that didn't exceed 6 or 7 people

367
00:20:16,775 --> 00:20:18,989
so we couldn't get
into a battle

368
00:20:18,989 --> 00:20:21,204
with a group
of 6 or 7 people...

369
00:20:21,204 --> 00:20:22,335
this is not possible

370
00:20:22,335 --> 00:20:24,051
there may have been
a group like this

371
00:20:24,051 --> 00:20:25,241
in every neighbourhood...

372
00:20:25,241 --> 00:20:26,736
but you can't call it a battle.

373
00:20:27,891 --> 00:20:29,907
But a political battle, yes

374
00:20:38,379 --> 00:20:40,688
To reduce this resistance

375
00:20:41,556 --> 00:20:43,699
that is...

376
00:20:44,485 --> 00:20:45,644
canvass the city

377
00:20:46,885 --> 00:20:47,873
that is...

378
00:20:49,649 --> 00:20:51,341
putting it under siege

379
00:20:52,207 --> 00:20:54,116
control all population movements

380
00:20:55,931 --> 00:20:57,634
and then move on to

381
00:20:59,544 --> 00:21:02,954
the destruction of
the FLN clandestine organization...

382
00:21:03,619 --> 00:21:06,252
In order to be able
to flush out the elements of the FLN

383
00:21:06,252 --> 00:21:09,042
It was absolutely necessary
to torture

384
00:21:09,130 --> 00:21:11,020
the whole population

385
00:21:11,966 --> 00:21:14,919
But it was very quickly obvious

386
00:21:17,345 --> 00:21:18,936
that it was impossible to destroy

387
00:21:18,936 --> 00:21:20,447
a clandestine organization

388
00:21:21,338 --> 00:21:27,463
deeply buried in families

389
00:21:28,340 --> 00:21:29,492
in homes

390
00:21:30,275 --> 00:21:35,394
in all private or public spaces
of the city of Algiers

391
00:21:36,595 --> 00:21:40,925
without drying up the source that fed it

392
00:21:41,749 --> 00:21:43,438
in the true sense of the word

393
00:21:43,827 --> 00:21:45,843
without being able to reduce

394
00:21:45,843 --> 00:21:47,859
the possibility for the population

395
00:21:48,106 --> 00:21:52,311
to support the 
FLN clandestine organisation

396
00:21:57,068 --> 00:22:00,424
There is hardly any family

397
00:22:00,794 --> 00:22:03,781
that escapes repression

398
00:22:04,358 --> 00:22:07,326
So, personally
I was a FLN militant.

399
00:22:07,326 --> 00:22:10,176
But at that time the FLN was...

400
00:22:13,837 --> 00:22:17,525
the organization had almost
disappeared from Greater Algiers.

401
00:22:17,864 --> 00:22:20,828
Small nuclei of
individual activists remained...

402
00:22:21,046 --> 00:22:22,724
but there was no more organization.

403
00:22:23,386 --> 00:22:26,233
Finally
if we're talking about "the battle"

404
00:22:26,311 --> 00:22:27,888
about the massacre they made

405
00:22:27,977 --> 00:22:32,972
they were able to
effectively break up the organization.

406
00:22:46,043 --> 00:22:49,035
The longer the confrontation
lasted in the city of Algiers...

407
00:22:49,145 --> 00:22:50,863
in what we call the Casbah

408
00:22:51,441 --> 00:22:53,509
the more obvious it became

409
00:22:53,655 --> 00:22:55,406
that the organization

410
00:22:55,476 --> 00:22:58,379
like a phoenix

411
00:22:59,584 --> 00:23:01,272
rose from the ashes.

412
00:23:02,486 --> 00:23:03,871
It was becoming clear

413
00:23:03,892 --> 00:23:06,764
that in order to reduce the resistance

414
00:23:06,764 --> 00:23:10,056
they had to reduce the capacity
of the population

415
00:23:10,602 --> 00:23:14,169
to reconstitute itself as an organization

416
00:23:14,169 --> 00:23:15,666
and as a force of resistance.

417
00:23:16,481 --> 00:23:17,530
In 1960

418
00:23:17,835 --> 00:23:21,706
the political and military arrangements

419
00:23:22,490 --> 00:23:23,977
of the French state

420
00:23:24,156 --> 00:23:26,580
were beginning to appear as

421
00:23:26,757 --> 00:23:31,866
a will to ensure a passage from Algeria

422
00:23:32,943 --> 00:23:36,090
to a form of independence

423
00:23:36,429 --> 00:23:38,182
without independence.

424
00:23:38,457 --> 00:23:42,207
That is to say
a kind of Algeria united with France

425
00:23:43,095 --> 00:23:48,576
but without questioning
the relationship of dependence

426
00:23:48,576 --> 00:23:50,102
from Algeria to France.

427
00:23:50,222 --> 00:23:52,407
The month of December was a month

428
00:23:52,751 --> 00:23:54,523
where the stakes were high.

429
00:23:54,523 --> 00:23:57,006
Sociologist and witness
of the demonstrations in Oran

430
00:23:57,006 --> 00:23:59,018
First, there was the
United Nations session

431
00:23:59,018 --> 00:24:00,439
where we were going to discus

432
00:24:00,439 --> 00:24:01,506
the Algerian problem.

433
00:24:02,248 --> 00:24:04,089
The arrival of General de Gaulle.

434
00:24:04,925 --> 00:24:08,715
He arrived in Oran on December 9

435
00:24:10,759 --> 00:24:13,637
by the Paris carave
at 9:45 a.m.

436
00:24:14,373 --> 00:24:16,519
He landed at the Senia

437
00:24:17,038 --> 00:24:19,119
but he didn't come through town.

438
00:24:19,119 --> 00:24:20,645
He went straight to Tlemcen

439
00:24:20,645 --> 00:24:22,293
and from Tlemcen to Aïn Temouchent

440
00:24:29,478 --> 00:24:31,991
That was during the day of the 9th.

441
00:24:32,221 --> 00:24:37,529
But a day before
the FAF, the French Algeria Front

442
00:24:37,636 --> 00:24:40,393
appealed to the European population

443
00:24:40,828 --> 00:24:42,542
to trigger a general strike.

444
00:24:43,282 --> 00:24:45,717
This general strike was followed

445
00:24:46,407 --> 00:24:48,605
by a trip to Aïn Temouchent

446
00:24:49,018 --> 00:24:50,946
to berate General de Gaulle...

447
00:24:51,374 --> 00:24:54,289
and there, the Europeans
in favour of French Algeria

448
00:24:55,226 --> 00:24:57,873
there was in front of them
the Muslim population

449
00:24:58,881 --> 00:25:00,363
and there were clashes.

450
00:25:00,556 --> 00:25:02,589
He avoided two major cities

451
00:25:02,788 --> 00:25:04,357
He avoided the capital Algiers.

452
00:25:04,689 --> 00:25:06,602
He didn't came in Algiers in December

453
00:25:06,904 --> 00:25:07,973
Neither in Oran.

454
00:25:07,973 --> 00:25:10,356
He made a long journey

455
00:25:11,054 --> 00:25:13,199
that led him to Philippeville

456
00:25:13,695 --> 00:25:14,843
currently Skikda

457
00:25:14,937 --> 00:25:16,547
and from Skikda
he went to Paris

458
00:25:16,594 --> 00:25:18,114
It lasted a week.

459
00:25:19,387 --> 00:25:22,536
And so the protests of December 9

460
00:25:22,536 --> 00:25:23,871
it was in Aïn Temouchent

461
00:25:24,277 --> 00:25:25,895
on the 10th in Oran

462
00:25:26,181 --> 00:25:27,597
and the 11th in Algiers.

463
00:25:27,982 --> 00:25:31,852
And it had the effect
of a chain of violence...

464
00:25:31,957 --> 00:25:33,291
throughout Algeria.

465
00:25:39,395 --> 00:25:40,870
We were living on a powder keg

466
00:25:42,068 --> 00:25:43,439
the fuse is lit

467
00:25:44,468 --> 00:25:46,175
we've kept the population

468
00:25:47,003 --> 00:25:48,909
we're under orders
to continue to hold it

469
00:25:49,366 --> 00:25:52,370
it's not a bunch of rebels anymore

470
00:25:52,633 --> 00:25:55,019
but a whole people
standing in front of us...

471
00:27:14,235 --> 00:27:16,151
The French
the ‘Pieds-Noirs’ (Black-Feet)

472
00:27:16,151 --> 00:27:17,931
Independent researcher
and demonstrator
in Algiers in December 1960

473
00:27:17,931 --> 00:27:19,310
they thought it was De Gaulle

474
00:27:19,310 --> 00:27:21,998
who gave the order to start
the Algerian-Algeria protests

475
00:27:21,998 --> 00:27:26,646
it was only to say that De Gaulle
would have offered independence to Algeria

476
00:27:26,646 --> 00:27:27,967
when it wasn't true.

477
00:27:28,751 --> 00:27:31,065
The FLN turned the situation around

478
00:27:31,882 --> 00:27:32,847
saying that

479
00:27:32,847 --> 00:27:36,766
it was the FLN
that organized the demonstrations

480
00:27:36,766 --> 00:27:38,221
when that's not true either.

481
00:27:38,309 --> 00:27:39,763
It's a kid's uprising

482
00:27:40,107 --> 00:27:42,015
December 11th
it's a kid's uprising.

483
00:27:45,789 --> 00:27:46,775
We followed by radio

484
00:27:46,775 --> 00:27:48,269
the protests of Ain Temouchent

485
00:27:48,379 --> 00:27:50,741
Historian and witness
of the demonstrations in Oran

486
00:27:50,741 --> 00:27:53,167
and spontaneously
the population in Oran came out.

487
00:27:53,363 --> 00:27:55,304
On the 10th, it was a rainy day.

488
00:27:55,924 --> 00:27:57,374
There were women, children

489
00:27:57,374 --> 00:27:59,464
there were the workers
who were on strike

490
00:27:59,464 --> 00:28:01,531
who haven't returned
to their places of work

491
00:28:01,663 --> 00:28:05,953
There were a lot of men
there were young people...

492
00:28:06,621 --> 00:28:08,441
many women and young women

493
00:28:08,441 --> 00:28:09,633
and the old ones too

494
00:28:09,795 --> 00:28:12,323
It's been a massive lift...

495
00:28:12,586 --> 00:28:15,255
and on the evening
of the 10th [December 1960]

496
00:28:15,255 --> 00:28:17,896
we started preparing the banners

497
00:28:17,896 --> 00:28:19,792
and to make the Algerian flags

498
00:28:21,571 --> 00:28:23,550
that came out on the 11th.

499
00:28:24,509 --> 00:28:27,059
And on December 11th
there was a repression

500
00:28:27,059 --> 00:28:28,148
very intense

501
00:28:28,148 --> 00:28:30,790
not only were there the CRS
the mobile guards

502
00:28:31,455 --> 00:28:35,813
but also support from the french Navy

503
00:28:36,062 --> 00:28:38,087
what used to be called
the Marine Gunners.

504
00:28:38,087 --> 00:28:40,781
We've never seen this
before in urban protests

505
00:28:41,557 --> 00:28:44,844
since 1956 and the first events

506
00:28:45,264 --> 00:28:52,064
In December
there was a very significant crackdown.

507
00:28:54,700 --> 00:28:58,430
The French Algerian Front
had decreed one day strike.

508
00:28:58,630 --> 00:29:00,451
Demonstrator at the Casbah of Algiers

509
00:29:00,788 --> 00:29:06,030
that day was about these ultras
racist, xenophobi

510
00:29:07,060 --> 00:29:10,812
who wanted to make a show of force

511
00:29:11,595 --> 00:29:15,940
In their action
they wanted to force

512
00:29:18,145 --> 00:29:20,510
Algerian traders to pull down the curtain.

513
00:29:21,466 --> 00:29:23,277
Algerian merchants have refused

514
00:29:23,360 --> 00:29:26,667
and the first skirmishes began.

515
00:29:27,044 --> 00:29:28,775
That's the Belcourt trigger.

516
00:29:29,441 --> 00:29:31,990
Like this one, Saadi Mustapha

517
00:29:33,276 --> 00:29:35,919
He's one of those
who started the protests in Belcourt

518
00:29:36,469 --> 00:29:37,544
He wasn't alone

519
00:29:37,544 --> 00:29:39,942
there were the schoolchildren
and all that.

520
00:29:40,165 --> 00:29:42,846
Most of them were
what we call petty thugs.

521
00:29:44,081 --> 00:29:45,442
I was young.

522
00:29:45,442 --> 00:29:49,208
We were supposedly little thugs...

523
00:29:50,278 --> 00:29:52,394
So to get money
what did we do?

524
00:29:53,015 --> 00:29:56,779
Carjacking.

525
00:29:58,676 --> 00:30:03,044
We'd steal things out of cars.

526
00:30:04,237 --> 00:30:07,537
We'd sell them
and then we'd get dressed.

527
00:30:07,811 --> 00:30:10,143
They went to Belcourt.

528
00:30:10,699 --> 00:30:17,001
They saw two settler men
asking for papers...

529
00:30:17,558 --> 00:30:18,916
to Muslims

530
00:30:19,279 --> 00:30:21,256
And then sometimes they'd hit them

531
00:30:21,880 --> 00:30:24,060
So the kids started breaking

532
00:30:24,060 --> 00:30:25,631
people started screaming

533
00:30:26,254 --> 00:30:28,148
They went to Simca's house

534
00:30:28,685 --> 00:30:30,298
they broke everything.

535
00:30:30,298 --> 00:30:31,025
and then

536
00:30:31,025 --> 00:30:33,085
when they arrived in
the European quarter...

537
00:30:33,085 --> 00:30:34,893
The Europeans started
shooting at them.

538
00:30:34,893 --> 00:30:35,600
Bullets.

539
00:30:35,600 --> 00:30:38,077
hey also threw grenades
heavy objects...

540
00:30:38,783 --> 00:30:40,124
They went back up to Laguiba

541
00:30:40,124 --> 00:30:42,275
and you could hear the women's youyous...

542
00:30:42,727 --> 00:30:43,997
They started screaming.

543
00:30:44,321 --> 00:30:46,178
And that's how it started at Belcourt.

544
00:30:46,537 --> 00:30:49,858
There was an incident
that triggered the Belcourt protests...

545
00:30:50,354 --> 00:30:52,544
This is the place.

546
00:30:52,544 --> 00:30:56,425
It's the locals who started
saying "Algerian Algeria"

547
00:30:56,797 --> 00:30:58,775
They started burning down factories.

548
00:30:59,227 --> 00:31:01,782
Over there was a refrigerator factory.

549
00:31:02,172 --> 00:31:04,172
The Algerians burned it down.

550
00:31:04,704 --> 00:31:07,576
Because of the anger...

551
00:31:08,351 --> 00:31:13,567
They burned the refrigerator
factory and Monoprix...

552
00:31:13,968 --> 00:31:16,037
the supermarket that was over there

553
00:31:16,460 --> 00:31:18,556
Belcourt was the Halles centrales

554
00:31:20,077 --> 00:31:21,640
There were the trucks

555
00:31:21,640 --> 00:31:23,797
that brought the merchandise...

556
00:31:24,201 --> 00:31:26,619
in every corner of Algeria

557
00:31:26,619 --> 00:31:27,374
Which is why

558
00:31:27,374 --> 00:31:29,247
they were bringing
the information back.

559
00:31:32,433 --> 00:31:34,127
On December 11th

560
00:31:37,055 --> 00:31:38,742
There is a terrible hubbub

561
00:31:39,152 --> 00:31:40,924
The youyous. In the street.

562
00:31:41,204 --> 00:31:43,121
Demonstrated in Algiers
in December 1960

563
00:31:43,948 --> 00:31:45,849
Something you couldn't hear back then.

564
00:31:45,849 --> 00:31:48,347
At that time, there were no youyous.

565
00:31:49,736 --> 00:31:51,903
Because we were in a revolution

566
00:31:51,903 --> 00:31:55,339
We were at war
we had no right to be happy

567
00:31:55,339 --> 00:31:56,299
to be joyful

568
00:31:56,580 --> 00:31:58,091
There were only youyous

569
00:31:58,747 --> 00:32:01,680
when someone died

570
00:32:01,829 --> 00:32:03,450
if he died a martyr's death...

571
00:32:03,450 --> 00:32:04,647
Now we hear youyous.

572
00:32:04,683 --> 00:32:06,466
And I hear a terrible hubbub

573
00:32:06,556 --> 00:32:08,705
I'm going to the balcony

574
00:32:09,017 --> 00:32:13,535
and I see coming this... rush

575
00:32:14,771 --> 00:32:18,483
of women, men, especially young people

576
00:32:19,208 --> 00:32:24,222
and almost in the front row
I see my brother.

577
00:32:25,603 --> 00:32:27,409
And with the flags

578
00:32:27,409 --> 00:32:30,469
They all had Algerian flags
that they were waving

579
00:32:31,498 --> 00:32:35,013
and youyous and "Algerian Algeria! "
"Algerian Algeria! »

580
00:32:35,549 --> 00:32:39,018
I can see that
that's extraordinary.

581
00:32:39,634 --> 00:32:41,160
I want to get out.

582
00:32:41,160 --> 00:32:42,032
But I'm thinking :

583
00:32:42,032 --> 00:32:43,423
"My God
I'm going to fall... »

584
00:32:43,423 --> 00:32:47,486
But this is very fast.

585
00:32:47,981 --> 00:32:50,794
We don't take time to think.

586
00:32:51,085 --> 00:32:54,020
It's, "I'm going!
I'm going now! "

587
00:32:54,020 --> 00:32:54,953
Instantly I go.

588
00:32:55,648 --> 00:32:57,858
It was full of people
with lots of flags...

589
00:32:58,106 --> 00:33:00,068
and people would come down

590
00:33:00,068 --> 00:33:01,734
so we could all get together...

591
00:33:01,810 --> 00:33:06,403
and they'd take the street to Belcourt.

592
00:33:07,518 --> 00:33:09,820
To get to Belcourt, Champ de Manoeuvres...

593
00:33:10,525 --> 00:33:11,762
...to Martyrs' Square.

594
00:33:11,811 --> 00:33:13,721
Of course
we'd get beaten up before then.

595
00:33:13,922 --> 00:33:15,921
Especially at the
Ravin de la Femme Sauvage

596
00:33:15,921 --> 00:33:17,419
There were tanks.

597
00:33:17,419 --> 00:33:18,918
They'd been there a long time.

598
00:33:19,290 --> 00:33:22,760
They were starting to point
their cannons at us.

599
00:33:23,625 --> 00:33:25,111
They were starting to maneuver.

600
00:33:25,359 --> 00:33:27,098
That's when we got scared.

601
00:33:27,304 --> 00:33:29,448
But since there were small cross paths...

602
00:33:30,066 --> 00:33:33,650
In the whole district of Ruisseau
there are lots of cross paths...

603
00:33:34,225 --> 00:33:37,567
if we take them
we'll land in Kouba.

604
00:33:38,911 --> 00:33:40,503
It's little climbs
little paths...

605
00:33:41,947 --> 00:33:45,496
And that's how
I demonstrated on December 11.

606
00:33:46,060 --> 00:33:50,189
My first manifestation.
For a free and independent Algeria.

607
00:33:50,189 --> 00:33:52,853
When I see the result today
I say to myself "My God. »

608
00:33:52,853 --> 00:33:53,569
But then again

609
00:33:53,569 --> 00:33:55,531
you mustn't regret it.
I didn't regret it.

610
00:34:19,488 --> 00:34:21,947
Here, we're in the Mahieddine quarter...

611
00:34:22,565 --> 00:34:24,712
Where the old shantytown used to be.

612
00:34:25,251 --> 00:34:28,060
It was one of
the largest slums in Algiers

613
00:34:29,013 --> 00:34:30,498
if not the biggest.

614
00:34:30,498 --> 00:34:32,596
Between 10,000
and 20,000 people were there.

615
00:34:33,246 --> 00:34:37,330
It was a place where
they were landing

616
00:34:37,741 --> 00:34:40,164
all the Algerians who came looking for

617
00:34:40,164 --> 00:34:41,523
a job to survive

618
00:34:41,698 --> 00:34:43,602
because in the country it was misery.

619
00:34:44,324 --> 00:34:46,480
It came from all over Algeria.

620
00:34:48,359 --> 00:34:51,934
It was the melting pot
of Algerian nationalism.

621
00:34:52,529 --> 00:34:54,682
Cause this is where people started.

622
00:34:54,834 --> 00:34:57,123
to understand that

623
00:34:57,123 --> 00:34:59,412
they were Algerians in their misery too.

624
00:35:00,092 --> 00:35:02,508
Before, everyone was in their own corner

625
00:35:02,508 --> 00:35:03,865
in their own little town.

626
00:35:03,865 --> 00:35:05,704
It was done through

627
00:35:05,704 --> 00:35:09,457
acts of solidarity with each other.

628
00:35:10,699 --> 00:35:14,655
The Mahieddine quarter is
halfway between the Clos-Salembier

629
00:35:14,880 --> 00:35:17,521
from which the demonstrations began

630
00:35:17,768 --> 00:35:19,296
and Belcourt

631
00:35:20,058 --> 00:35:23,959
when the crowd descended
from the Clos Salembier.

632
00:35:24,738 --> 00:35:28,080
It went down Boulevards des Martyrs.

633
00:35:28,751 --> 00:35:30,015
to get to Belcourt

634
00:35:30,347 --> 00:35:32,950
The people of the Mahieddine quarter
have joined.

635
00:35:34,601 --> 00:35:36,783
They came down this way.
They came from above.

636
00:35:37,587 --> 00:35:39,394
And came down this way.

637
00:35:40,194 --> 00:35:41,615
To get to...

638
00:35:42,235 --> 00:35:43,493
downstairs

639
00:35:44,416 --> 00:35:48,638
the path Datcha.

640
00:35:53,077 --> 00:35:57,343
And also other protesters
who lived around here...

641
00:35:57,715 --> 00:35:59,347
came to join the demonstration

642
00:35:59,575 --> 00:36:01,641
Because these were
Algerian neighbourhoods.

643
00:36:02,870 --> 00:36:05,334
those houses over there

644
00:36:05,334 --> 00:36:06,943
they were Algerian neighbourhoods

645
00:36:07,019 --> 00:36:12,802
so probably other Algerians
joined the crowd.

646
00:36:13,909 --> 00:36:15,566
during the event

647
00:36:27,364 --> 00:36:32,568
I was maybe 8 or 9 years old
on December 11, 1960.

648
00:36:33,880 --> 00:36:35,548
I just remember that

649
00:36:35,788 --> 00:36:37,192
Inhabitant of Algiers in 1960

650
00:36:37,443 --> 00:36:41,339
in the neighbourhood everyone flocked
descended on Bab El Oued...

651
00:36:41,701 --> 00:36:45,897
to go to the events of December 11th

652
00:36:46,267 --> 00:36:48,149
It came from
all over the neighbourhood.

653
00:36:49,009 --> 00:36:50,921
Young people, old people

654
00:36:51,072 --> 00:36:52,540
Women
there were lots of them

655
00:36:52,540 --> 00:36:53,688
with their haiks.

656
00:36:59,397 --> 00:37:02,204
And this is the place for the big meeting.

657
00:37:04,414 --> 00:37:06,230
We weren't allowed
to go downstairs

658
00:37:06,230 --> 00:37:07,618
Because there were the CRS.

659
00:37:36,962 --> 00:37:39,454
Then, it went off
like a wildfire.

660
00:37:39,454 --> 00:37:42,198
It's reached every
outlying district in Algiers.

661
00:37:42,468 --> 00:37:46,060
It started in Belcourt
then it went to Clos Salembier

662
00:37:46,143 --> 00:37:49,124
El Madania, the riverside districts...

663
00:37:49,253 --> 00:37:50,677
it reached the Casbah.

664
00:37:51,411 --> 00:37:53,913
How did it start in the Casbah?

665
00:37:54,051 --> 00:37:55,258
The next day

666
00:37:55,345 --> 00:37:57,154
we heard foreign radio stations.

667
00:37:57,807 --> 00:38:00,773
Especially Monte Carlo
because we, in the Casbah

668
00:38:00,999 --> 00:38:02,676
we listened to Monte Carlo

669
00:38:02,676 --> 00:38:06,325
we listened to Sawt El Arab from Tunis

670
00:38:06,923 --> 00:38:10,509
They talked about
the protests in Belcourt

671
00:38:10,998 --> 00:38:12,948
Afterwards, what did we say ?

672
00:38:13,203 --> 00:38:16,153
We said
"What? Belcourt demonstrated !

673
00:38:16,153 --> 00:38:17,918
What about us, we don't protest? »

674
00:38:19,996 --> 00:38:20,866
Someone told us

675
00:38:20,866 --> 00:38:22,690
" It's impossible
to demonstrate here

676
00:38:22,690 --> 00:38:24,696
because there's military on the terraces

677
00:38:26,246 --> 00:38:29,709
We wanted to do a fedayeen action...

678
00:38:31,307 --> 00:38:35,878
We bought two bottles of lemonade

679
00:38:36,401 --> 00:38:39,578
I even remember that
lemonade was called Pam Pam.

680
00:38:39,578 --> 00:38:40,537
at the time.

681
00:38:42,426 --> 00:38:45,471
We wanted to fill them with oil

682
00:38:46,380 --> 00:38:47,983
we wanted to put wicks

683
00:38:48,187 --> 00:38:49,210
and dump them

684
00:38:49,210 --> 00:38:51,092
in Bab El Oued
[settler neigbourhood]

685
00:38:51,583 --> 00:38:53,045
But we couldn't get through.

686
00:38:53,391 --> 00:38:55,529
This is my neighborhood.

687
00:38:55,529 --> 00:38:57,390
I'll even show you
where I used to live.

688
00:39:26,192 --> 00:39:27,428
We wanted to retreat.

689
00:39:27,590 --> 00:39:30,267
By chance, a European
was coming down the stairs

690
00:39:31,544 --> 00:39:34,096
He started to whistle "French Algeria."

691
00:39:34,344 --> 00:39:37,347
A comrade
we called him Mizato at that time

692
00:39:40,073 --> 00:39:44,330
He saw him whistling "French Algeria"

693
00:39:46,887 --> 00:39:49,023
He went up to him
he hit him, he beat him up

694
00:39:49,163 --> 00:39:51,568
he knocked him down

695
00:39:53,276 --> 00:39:55,265
he even left his satchel

696
00:39:56,374 --> 00:39:57,872
and he ran off

697
00:39:57,872 --> 00:39:58,622
But down below

698
00:39:58,622 --> 00:40:00,627
there were the Zouaves
[colonial soldiers].

699
00:40:00,627 --> 00:40:03,073
We ran away,
we came back to our neighbourhood

700
00:40:03,507 --> 00:40:08,215
As soon as we arrived at the Casbah
our neighborhood

701
00:40:08,526 --> 00:40:11,175
right next to the Nedjma cinema
the blue street.

702
00:40:12,705 --> 00:40:13,927
This is
the Nedjma cinema.

703
00:40:13,927 --> 00:40:14,981
I used to live across

704
00:40:14,981 --> 00:40:16,226
the street
from the cinema.

705
00:40:17,070 --> 00:40:18,452
16 years old

706
00:40:21,557 --> 00:40:23,127
In the morning
when we went out

707
00:40:23,373 --> 00:40:25,510
we gathered here, the youngs

708
00:40:26,367 --> 00:40:27,737
we talked about Belcourt

709
00:40:28,270 --> 00:40:29,833
Here, here. In the stairs.

710
00:40:30,482 --> 00:40:32,166
Then the trigger, here.

711
00:40:35,267 --> 00:40:37,256
We were here.

712
00:40:38,644 --> 00:40:40,079
And on this side too.

713
00:40:40,595 --> 00:40:42,614
The youngs
We were the seven of us.

714
00:40:42,952 --> 00:40:45,147
We started shouting
"Algerian Algeria! »

715
00:40:46,608 --> 00:40:49,360
"Algerian Algeria, Algerian Algeria! »

716
00:40:50,710 --> 00:40:52,439
Suddenly, youyous!

717
00:40:53,375 --> 00:40:55,446
The first youyous came from

718
00:40:55,815 --> 00:40:57,503
that building there.

719
00:40:58,581 --> 00:40:59,744
I'm even telling you

720
00:40:59,744 --> 00:41:02,127
the first youyou started
then the second one.

721
00:41:02,127 --> 00:41:04,206
Then there was a coffee shop

722
00:41:04,970 --> 00:41:06,910
they all went out form the coffee shop

723
00:41:06,910 --> 00:41:09,599
they came: "Algerian Algeria! »

724
00:41:10,557 --> 00:41:12,690
and suddenly it started

725
00:41:12,920 --> 00:41:15,144
this is the trigger
for the demonstrations.

726
00:41:15,742 --> 00:41:17,046
We came down this way

727
00:41:17,046 --> 00:41:18,680
the first procession
of the Casbah

728
00:41:32,368 --> 00:41:34,638
There were women
who would enter the parades

729
00:41:35,502 --> 00:41:37,180
There were children
mostly children

730
00:41:37,180 --> 00:41:38,379
it was full of children.

731
00:41:39,413 --> 00:41:41,510
We've been there.

732
00:41:44,336 --> 00:41:46,719
Some people were throwing
cologne on the protesters

733
00:41:46,958 --> 00:41:50,499
some of them had honey
that they gave to people to shout.

734
00:41:51,603 --> 00:41:53,782
to scream louder.

735
00:41:54,769 --> 00:41:57,037
And people would come out of the houses

736
00:41:57,590 --> 00:41:59,585
The procession was getting bigger

737
00:42:32,892 --> 00:42:34,838
We formed ranks and we went down.

738
00:42:35,182 --> 00:42:36,970
slogans and all that follows

739
00:42:37,091 --> 00:42:39,016
we got within a few feet

740
00:42:39,532 --> 00:42:42,821
we found an impressive device

741
00:42:43,883 --> 00:42:46,181
Barriers have been placed

742
00:42:46,795 --> 00:42:50,062
a troop of experienced paratroopers

743
00:42:50,062 --> 00:42:51,465
and mobile guards as well :

744
00:42:51,711 --> 00:42:53,678
"No! You are not going to Belcourt! »

745
00:42:54,049 --> 00:42:58,300
"Go home, or else! "
threats...

746
00:42:58,970 --> 00:43:01,432
They were in a state of
incredible anxiety.

747
00:43:01,550 --> 00:43:02,868
The troop!

748
00:43:04,101 --> 00:43:06,245
And then, at some point

749
00:43:08,620 --> 00:43:10,997
I heard behind me

750
00:43:12,200 --> 00:43:15,182
a din,
voices in unison.

751
00:43:16,192 --> 00:43:19,029
saying :
"the passage, the passage! »

752
00:43:19,563 --> 00:43:21,818
I turned around,
what was it?

753
00:43:22,229 --> 00:43:24,028
They were veiled women

754
00:43:24,996 --> 00:43:28,005
who were behind
and wanted to be in the front row.

755
00:43:30,657 --> 00:43:32,065
We let them pass.

756
00:43:32,404 --> 00:43:35,409
They were in the front row

757
00:43:35,505 --> 00:43:37,331
The dialogue has changed

758
00:43:37,586 --> 00:43:40,318
These women
have changed their methods

759
00:43:40,697 --> 00:43:43,753
They would tell them
in a more determined way

760
00:43:43,851 --> 00:43:47,151
We want to go to Belcourt!
Let us go.

761
00:43:48,181 --> 00:43:49,618
The answer was right there :

762
00:43:49,865 --> 00:43:51,832
"No, go home! "

763
00:43:52,087 --> 00:43:53,342
And they were pushing

764
00:43:53,342 --> 00:43:55,069
They were trying
to intimidate them.

765
00:43:55,069 --> 00:43:56,489
They would respond with what?

766
00:43:56,969 --> 00:43:58,528
They were doing the youyous.

767
00:43:59,577 --> 00:44:03,054
I've seen
psychologically how youyous

768
00:44:03,187 --> 00:44:05,723
may have had an effect on the soldiers.

769
00:44:06,789 --> 00:44:09,448
During the first youyous

770
00:44:11,692 --> 00:44:16,495
I've seen soldiers, officers,
lose control.

771
00:44:18,707 --> 00:44:20,866
Draw their weapons, unbelievable!

772
00:44:22,384 --> 00:44:26,800
The women were the first
to move towards the barriers.

773
00:44:27,454 --> 00:44:29,518
They took the first soldiers.

774
00:44:31,370 --> 00:44:32,882
They fought back.

775
00:44:33,736 --> 00:44:35,534
First machine-gun fire

776
00:44:36,936 --> 00:44:38,951
And I saw with my own eyes

777
00:44:39,526 --> 00:44:42,435
a dove, a white veil...

778
00:44:42,557 --> 00:44:45,255
turn into red porridge.

779
00:44:59,647 --> 00:45:02,498
The big event of Décembre 11th
for the family

780
00:45:06,901 --> 00:45:09,778
is that my grandmother
which is her mother.

781
00:45:10,023 --> 00:45:13,362
was hit by a bomb

782
00:45:13,362 --> 00:45:14,742
someone threw
a bomb at her.

783
00:45:15,554 --> 00:45:19,296
it's a grenade
that practically tore his leg off.

784
00:45:29,165 --> 00:45:31,103
She screamed
when she saw her like that.

785
00:45:31,880 --> 00:45:34,088
She saw her leg cut in two

786
00:45:34,644 --> 00:45:36,427
she was soaking in her own blood.

787
00:45:36,712 --> 00:45:39,327
And ironically

788
00:45:39,327 --> 00:45:43,342
my grandmother was being treated.

789
00:45:43,483 --> 00:45:45,997
And they bring back his son

790
00:45:45,997 --> 00:45:48,058
who was his big brother.

791
00:45:49,044 --> 00:45:53,163
who had been tortured almost to death.

792
00:45:54,297 --> 00:45:56,035
There were a lot of wounded.

793
00:45:56,633 --> 00:46:00,489
And it was curfew around 3:00 on Sunday.

794
00:46:00,740 --> 00:46:03,340
So many paratroopers, the red berets...

795
00:46:03,881 --> 00:46:09,211
They repressed it.
It was repression. Manhunt.

796
00:46:10,233 --> 00:46:14,691
Neither the children
nor the women escaped repression.

797
00:46:15,996 --> 00:46:17,231
The caning.

798
00:46:18,552 --> 00:46:21,873
People who were more or less active

799
00:46:23,017 --> 00:46:26,416
or who were identified
as activists and all that

800
00:46:26,467 --> 00:46:27,975
they were rounded up at night.

801
00:46:37,121 --> 00:46:38,233
I was at home

802
00:46:38,233 --> 00:46:40,261
I heard people

803
00:46:40,329 --> 00:46:42,387
Demonstrator in Constantine
in December 1960

804
00:46:42,617 --> 00:46:44,492
shouting
"independent Algeria".

805
00:46:44,492 --> 00:46:45,687
I went out.

806
00:46:47,033 --> 00:46:49,222
But then the military came.

807
00:46:49,308 --> 00:46:52,708
They fired into the air. And they took us.

808
00:46:53,197 --> 00:46:59,226
The youngest ones
they gave them chores.

809
00:47:00,056 --> 00:47:02,630
But the older ones
they tortured them.

810
00:47:03,088 --> 00:47:05,087
They ridiculed them.

811
00:47:05,342 --> 00:47:06,632
Afterwards

812
00:47:08,118 --> 00:47:09,999
and then they...

813
00:47:12,662 --> 00:47:15,160
drew a cross on our head
and they shaved us

814
00:47:15,160 --> 00:47:19,737
and they dropped us off
dozens of miles away from our home.

815
00:47:20,007 --> 00:47:23,022
and we had to get there before curfew

816
00:47:23,182 --> 00:47:26,324
because at that time,
beyond curfew...

817
00:47:26,482 --> 00:47:28,179
they were shooting without warning.

818
00:47:30,029 --> 00:47:34,046
Whether in Oran, Constantine,
or all over Algeria

819
00:47:34,840 --> 00:47:36,526
except in some places

820
00:47:36,526 --> 00:47:39,124
where simply the order was given

821
00:47:39,492 --> 00:47:41,581
but the FLN didn't start the protests.

822
00:47:41,881 --> 00:47:45,879
Like Batna, like Bechar and Annaba.

823
00:47:46,438 --> 00:47:48,840
There, the FLN gave the order

824
00:47:49,857 --> 00:47:52,339
to the Algerian people
to start the demonstrations

825
00:47:52,680 --> 00:47:54,557
But it didn't start the protests.

826
00:47:54,684 --> 00:47:56,559
The people rose up on its own

827
00:47:57,059 --> 00:47:59,434
all over the country.

828
00:48:12,136 --> 00:48:15,009
I remember a neighbour,
she's dead now,

829
00:48:15,149 --> 00:48:17,110
Resident of Algiers in 1960.

830
00:48:17,474 --> 00:48:19,348
she had two children

831
00:48:19,348 --> 00:48:22,523
who were already in the guerilla,
in the FLN.

832
00:48:26,474 --> 00:48:28,061
Aunt Kheira,
we all remember

833
00:48:28,061 --> 00:48:29,128
she's a heroine.

834
00:48:29,128 --> 00:48:30,454
For us, she was a hero.

835
00:48:30,816 --> 00:48:33,867
We were outside with the neighbours.

836
00:48:35,061 --> 00:48:36,660
The paratroopers came to

837
00:48:37,774 --> 00:48:39,044
get her son

838
00:48:39,180 --> 00:48:40,139
one of her sons.

839
00:48:44,484 --> 00:48:47,191
She stopped them from coming home.

840
00:48:47,191 --> 00:48:48,616
She stood up.

841
00:48:48,616 --> 00:48:50,421
That I remember very well.

842
00:48:50,526 --> 00:48:51,764
She stood up.

843
00:48:53,144 --> 00:48:54,962
That's how she did it.

844
00:48:55,985 --> 00:48:59,705
She said,
"What do you want? »

845
00:49:00,243 --> 00:49:01,833
"What do you want? »

846
00:49:01,978 --> 00:49:03,722
They named his son.

847
00:49:04,376 --> 00:49:06,184
She told them,
"He's not there. »

848
00:49:10,525 --> 00:49:14,403
They tried to force
their way into his house.

849
00:49:14,984 --> 00:49:17,396
She just stood there
and told them:

850
00:49:17,729 --> 00:49:21,662
"Shoot! Shoot me.
I'm not letting you in.

851
00:49:26,280 --> 00:49:29,332
And they didn't have
the courage to push her

852
00:49:35,391 --> 00:49:37,102
In Muslim culture

853
00:49:38,522 --> 00:49:41,566
women don't go to the cemetery
on the day of burial.

854
00:49:42,386 --> 00:49:45,859
Well, during the war of liberation
and during these demonstrations.

855
00:49:45,859 --> 00:49:47,401
when there were deaths

856
00:49:49,162 --> 00:49:52,712
the burial was with men and women.

857
00:49:52,894 --> 00:49:55,813
the women went to the cemetery
just like the men did.

858
00:49:55,813 --> 00:49:59,145
It meant, "I want equality with men."

859
00:49:59,762 --> 00:50:02,140
Symbolically, that's what it meant.

860
00:50:02,828 --> 00:50:06,647
Still, the Algerian woman
has made many conquests.

861
00:50:07,102 --> 00:50:10,314
She has conquered an important place

862
00:50:10,314 --> 00:50:11,995
which she has snatched away...

863
00:50:11,995 --> 00:50:14,467
we can't say it was given by X or Y.

864
00:50:14,933 --> 00:50:18,485
Overnight, women started
to become liaison agents

865
00:50:18,623 --> 00:50:20,005
carrying guns

866
00:50:20,945 --> 00:50:21,861
collecting dues...

867
00:50:22,811 --> 00:50:24,702
Historian,
lived in Constantine in 1960.

868
00:50:24,952 --> 00:50:27,115
sewing, making clothes

869
00:50:27,115 --> 00:50:32,134
not just patches for soldiers or flags...

870
00:50:32,562 --> 00:50:34,377
but sewing entire outfits

871
00:50:34,377 --> 00:50:36,473
because we need them in the bush.

872
00:50:42,117 --> 00:50:43,976
The women were involved in the care,

873
00:50:43,976 --> 00:50:49,213
they participated in
supplying the djounouds [fighters],

874
00:50:50,462 --> 00:50:52,165
the mujahideen

875
00:50:52,165 --> 00:50:53,925
They used to cook for them

876
00:50:53,925 --> 00:50:55,780
they took a lot of things with them...

877
00:50:56,271 --> 00:50:58,359
and then for these big events

878
00:50:59,626 --> 00:51:01,933
not only did they participate fully

879
00:51:02,250 --> 00:51:04,230
they were in the demonstrations

880
00:51:04,230 --> 00:51:07,264
and they participated
as much as the men...

881
00:51:07,264 --> 00:51:08,685
and it's true that

882
00:51:08,985 --> 00:51:11,446
they were the ones making the flags...

883
00:51:11,446 --> 00:51:14,077
that were deployed
on the day of the demonstration.

884
00:51:14,300 --> 00:51:18,958
It was the women, secretly,
without anyone knowing...

885
00:51:18,958 --> 00:51:21,827
Even the kids at home
didn't know about it.

886
00:51:22,611 --> 00:51:25,891
Demonstrator in Algiers
in December 1960.

887
00:51:26,712 --> 00:51:29,619
Women, from upstairs,
from balconies and windows

888
00:51:29,913 --> 00:51:31,873
They were throwing sugar at us

889
00:51:32,190 --> 00:51:33,992
they were throwing perfume on us

890
00:51:34,472 --> 00:51:37,450
Vinegar for the eyes? For the tear gas?

891
00:51:37,665 --> 00:51:41,758
Yeah, they were throwing a lot at us.

892
00:51:42,967 --> 00:51:45,288
We were all better than the men

893
00:51:45,288 --> 00:51:46,669
There were the men,
it's true.

894
00:51:47,269 --> 00:51:48,693
But the women were

895
00:51:50,668 --> 00:51:51,483
Bombs!

896
00:53:20,030 --> 00:53:23,303
The fallout has been
very beneficial for us

897
00:53:24,152 --> 00:53:28,889
First,
there was De Gaulle's illusion:

898
00:53:29,220 --> 00:53:31,919
"I can create a third force..."

899
00:53:31,919 --> 00:53:34,093
All this, he ended it.

900
00:53:34,289 --> 00:53:35,292
That's it

901
00:53:35,292 --> 00:53:38,028
and he saw that
there was only one way

902
00:53:38,028 --> 00:53:41,296
it was to parley with
the representatives of

903
00:53:41,296 --> 00:53:42,344
the Algerian people

904
00:53:42,344 --> 00:53:44,145
which is the FLN

905
00:53:44,145 --> 00:53:46,267
and to move towards
Algerian independence.

906
00:53:47,862 --> 00:53:50,191
It is a Dien-Bien-Phu of the population.

907
00:53:50,417 --> 00:53:52,432
civilian populations, unarmed populations

908
00:53:52,530 --> 00:53:54,095
that's what you mustn't forget.

909
00:53:54,504 --> 00:53:56,710
The only fact that at that point

910
00:53:56,710 --> 00:53:58,730
the Algerian population recognizes itself

911
00:53:59,535 --> 00:54:03,931
or is attached to
the National Liberation Front

912
00:54:04,267 --> 00:54:05,344
to the GPRA

913
00:54:05,705 --> 00:54:09,343
to the fact that
Ferhat Abbas' name is being chanted

914
00:54:09,446 --> 00:54:11,191
that's the kind of rupture.

915
00:54:11,191 --> 00:54:12,580
It's a symbolic rupture, but

916
00:54:12,580 --> 00:54:14,630
there is no more French Algeria.

917
00:54:14,795 --> 00:54:17,371
I remember a headline
in the newspaper El Moudjahid

918
00:54:17,473 --> 00:54:19,321
which appeared at the time in Tunis:

919
00:54:19,747 --> 00:54:21,553
"the days of December 1960 equal:

920
00:54:22,033 --> 00:54:24,143
a psychological Dien-Bien-Phu".

921
00:54:24,422 --> 00:54:25,720
That sums it all up.

922
00:54:25,720 --> 00:54:27,247
Then the crucial moment was

923
00:54:27,597 --> 00:54:30,955
the debate at the United Nations
on the Algerian question.

924
00:54:31,206 --> 00:54:37,030
on support from Afro-Asian,
Arab and Eastern countries

925
00:54:37,302 --> 00:54:41,584
led by the USSR and China.

926
00:54:41,881 --> 00:54:44,782
So, it weighed very heavily

927
00:54:46,588 --> 00:54:47,609
All units

928
00:54:47,609 --> 00:54:50,780
that had been mobilized
to destroy the National Liberation Army...

929
00:54:51,135 --> 00:54:52,944
in the mountains, in the bush

930
00:54:53,200 --> 00:54:57,267
have redeployed to the cities,
have retreated to the cities

931
00:54:57,943 --> 00:54:59,214
to control the cities

932
00:54:59,533 --> 00:55:02,411
and it breathed new life
into the units on the plain

933
00:55:02,411 --> 00:55:04,711
that have recovered very quickly.

934
00:55:05,203 --> 00:55:06,798
It was a never-ending war

935
00:55:07,220 --> 00:55:10,938
but an endless war
can be waged by a people

936
00:55:11,531 --> 00:55:15,067
From generation to generation,
people pick up the torch

937
00:55:15,067 --> 00:55:18,504
and it becomes a glory title for them

938
00:55:18,944 --> 00:55:21,179
to reintegrate the resistance.

939
00:55:21,501 --> 00:55:23,950
or to integrate for the first time
the resistance

940
00:55:24,585 --> 00:55:27,270
and this resistance is becoming
more and more radical.

941
00:55:27,589 --> 00:55:32,419
It's that, in fact,
that all colonial war theorists

942
00:55:33,488 --> 00:55:37,229
and the so-called
counterinsurgency theorists

943
00:55:37,704 --> 00:55:39,265
or counter-revolutionary

944
00:55:39,641 --> 00:55:44,148
have once again had a lesson that

945
00:55:44,148 --> 00:55:47,501
it is impossible to defeat

946
00:55:47,701 --> 00:55:49,889
a people who want independence.

947
00:55:50,678 --> 00:55:52,024
in the long run.

948
00:56:07,209 --> 00:56:08,680
Everybody knew
at the time that

949
00:56:08,680 --> 00:56:09,756
militarily speaking

950
00:56:09,756 --> 00:56:10,859
you couldn't
win the war

951
00:56:10,859 --> 00:56:12,147
We won the war differently.

952
00:56:12,147 --> 00:56:13,477
Freelance journalist
Algiers

953
00:56:13,477 --> 00:56:15,806
Through diplomacy,
through football, for example.

954
00:56:15,806 --> 00:56:19,532
There are even football players
who created their own team in 1957.

955
00:56:19,583 --> 00:56:23,305
That, that went down
as a not-so-important event.

956
00:56:23,305 --> 00:56:26,143
but it's actually the first time,
you know, in history

957
00:56:26,389 --> 00:56:30,084
where we involve sports activity

958
00:56:30,084 --> 00:56:33,203
which is the only liberating activity,
in quotes

959
00:56:33,290 --> 00:56:37,052
of the proletariat
and people under domination

960
00:56:37,052 --> 00:56:39,969
that gets them out of
the harsh reality of the neighbourhood.

961
00:56:39,969 --> 00:56:42,942
she's been involved in
a revolutionary process that's really...

962
00:56:42,942 --> 00:56:44,532
Besides, sport was important

963
00:56:44,532 --> 00:56:47,039
for the very
organisation of the revolution.

964
00:56:47,397 --> 00:56:50,142
The history of the Mouloudia d'Alger
or USMA

965
00:56:50,320 --> 00:56:53,624
is very much linked to
other forms of political power.

966
00:56:53,624 --> 00:56:56,367
because classical forms
have been banned for Muslims.

967
00:56:56,367 --> 00:56:57,284
unfortunately.

968
00:56:57,504 --> 00:56:59,436
In the shadow of secularism,
by the way.

969
00:57:02,801 --> 00:57:05,004
It was forbidden
for Muslims to have a union.

970
00:57:05,004 --> 00:57:08,286
it was forbidden
to organise into a political party.

971
00:57:08,286 --> 00:57:10,900
almost all the parties
were dissolved very quickly...

972
00:57:11,049 --> 00:57:12,667
so we had to organise differently.

973
00:57:12,667 --> 00:57:14,474
We had to offer spaces
for young people

974
00:57:14,474 --> 00:57:15,179
you know

975
00:57:15,179 --> 00:57:16,059
So that they could

976
00:57:16,059 --> 00:57:17,030
already communicate

977
00:57:17,030 --> 00:57:18,763
So that they can
get off the streets.

978
00:57:35,185 --> 00:57:37,341
So what was Zohra doing ?

979
00:57:40,000 --> 00:57:41,359
I remember something.

980
00:57:42,186 --> 00:57:43,709
There was the curfew.

981
00:57:44,841 --> 00:57:46,696
We had relatives who lived at the Golf

982
00:57:46,936 --> 00:57:48,375
We lived at La Redoute

983
00:57:48,677 --> 00:57:50,921
And she had heard that

984
00:57:50,921 --> 00:57:53,066
the water had been poisoned.

985
00:57:53,595 --> 00:57:58,076
She went out at night,
after curfew.

986
00:57:58,667 --> 00:58:01,659
she went up to the Golf,
she went to warn them

987
00:58:01,659 --> 00:58:03,140
and she came back

988
00:58:03,861 --> 00:58:08,457
She must have snuck in
so one couldn’t see her.

989
00:58:08,589 --> 00:58:11,471
or there were no patrols at the time
I'm not sure.

990
00:58:11,471 --> 00:58:13,216
But I know it's been an event

991
00:58:13,216 --> 00:58:14,981
because my mom scold her

992
00:58:15,253 --> 00:58:17,232
by telling her,
you risked your life.

993
00:58:24,244 --> 00:58:25,541
I was a shepherd

994
00:58:26,984 --> 00:58:30,910
there was a commando unit
made up mostly of former fighters...

995
00:58:30,910 --> 00:58:32,592
who had rallied the French forces

996
00:58:32,671 --> 00:58:34,467
Demonstrating in
Bou Ismaïl in 1960

997
00:58:34,787 --> 00:58:37,123
It would ambush my runs by night

998
00:58:38,752 --> 00:58:42,083
When they 'd hide,
they'd have to hide in a grove.

999
00:58:42,982 --> 00:58:46,700
The grove is occupied by wildlife

1000
00:58:47,192 --> 00:58:48,628
This fauna, it reacts

1001
00:58:52,085 --> 00:58:53,564
So in the morning
when I woke up

1002
00:58:53,564 --> 00:58:55,434
I would listen, I would watch...

1003
00:58:56,605 --> 00:58:59,813
I was watching the behaviour
of my very fearful goats...

1004
00:59:00,731 --> 00:59:06,007
None of the ambushes
of these former maquisards

1005
00:59:06,537 --> 00:59:07,554
have succeeded

1006
00:59:11,199 --> 00:59:14,013
So when in my valley,
in the morning, everything is quiet...

1007
00:59:14,013 --> 00:59:15,574
that they're definitely not here

1008
00:59:15,574 --> 00:59:17,152
I could warn the FLN fighters

1009
00:59:17,152 --> 00:59:19,052
I was in fact the shepherd of the FLN.

1010
00:59:20,429 --> 00:59:23,230
I had the reputation that
when I set foot on my routes

1011
00:59:23,427 --> 00:59:25,036
they were spotted immediately.

1012
00:59:25,463 --> 00:59:29,642
And I can say that
I've made dizzy some officers

1013
00:59:29,735 --> 00:59:33,955
who had graduated from the best schools.

1014
00:59:38,456 --> 00:59:40,591
It allows me to pay another tribute

1015
00:59:41,333 --> 00:59:42,925
to this extraordinary baker...

1016
00:59:43,660 --> 00:59:44,769
who was Spanish,

1017
00:59:44,892 --> 00:59:46,984
who escaped from the Spanish Civil War...

1018
00:59:46,984 --> 00:59:48,423
We loved him very much.

1019
00:59:48,673 --> 00:59:51,654
because he just lived
in the house next door to us.

1020
00:59:51,860 --> 00:59:52,951
He had a bakery.

1021
00:59:52,951 --> 00:59:54,806
So there was the bakery
and everything.

1022
00:59:55,124 --> 00:59:56,224
The morning

1023
00:59:56,224 --> 00:59:57,107
during the strike

1024
00:59:57,107 --> 00:59:57,991
he'd call me.

1025
00:59:58,815 --> 01:00:00,582
With my little brother,
he'd call me

1026
01:00:00,582 --> 01:00:02,442
he would give us loaves of bread

1027
01:00:03,008 --> 01:00:06,359
and with the bassinet,
we'd put 3 or 4 loaves of bread...

1028
01:00:07,099 --> 01:00:08,969
and I was distributing them.

1029
01:00:08,969 --> 01:00:11,225
And I was blonde

1030
01:00:12,495 --> 01:00:15,362
and wearing a lot of ribbons.

1031
01:00:16,136 --> 01:00:18,633
so I went unnoticed or almost unnoticed.

1032
01:00:19,162 --> 01:00:22,518
Because before,
there was still the barracks

1033
01:00:22,980 --> 01:00:25,065
especially the ones
with the paratroopers.

1034
01:00:25,217 --> 01:00:27,798
they were really very unfriendly people.

1035
01:00:28,305 --> 01:00:30,254
I was handing out this bread.

1036
01:00:30,591 --> 01:00:33,528
And I made four or five shuttles
with my brother.

1037
01:00:33,528 --> 01:00:34,962
I didn't just stay in Kouba...

1038
01:00:35,295 --> 01:00:36,976
I walked down to Ruisseau.

1039
01:00:37,476 --> 01:00:39,188
I was 13 years old.

1040
01:00:39,484 --> 01:00:43,093
It was his way of
contributing to this revolution

1041
01:00:43,093 --> 01:00:45,662
which, in his eyes, was legitimate.

1042
01:00:47,576 --> 01:00:50,395
He wanted this independence for Algeria.

1043
01:00:50,650 --> 01:00:53,139
and then I knew
he was very, very progressive.

1044
01:00:53,313 --> 01:00:55,480
that he had worked
a lot with the FLN.

1045
01:00:55,640 --> 01:00:58,631
and that he had hidden
a lot of fighters in his bakery.

1046
01:00:59,825 --> 01:01:01,790
Oh yes, my sister, she made flags.

1047
01:01:03,490 --> 01:01:06,201
Because she was trained as a seamstress.

1048
01:01:07,348 --> 01:01:08,744
We understood, at some point

1049
01:01:08,744 --> 01:01:10,767
that we were moving towards independence

1050
01:01:11,069 --> 01:01:14,336
She started making flags at home...

1051
01:01:15,503 --> 01:01:17,076
She made flags out of them...

1052
01:01:17,076 --> 01:01:19,150
lots and lots and lots and lots...

1053
01:01:19,150 --> 01:01:20,982
And of course
we had them that day.

1054
01:01:23,561 --> 01:01:27,115
She even gave injections,
she'd learned.

1055
01:01:28,423 --> 01:01:30,806
The army threw grenades at us

1056
01:01:34,049 --> 01:01:35,691
offensives

1057
01:01:36,168 --> 01:01:42,965
They're grenades, when they explode,
they release lead shrapnel...

1058
01:01:44,742 --> 01:01:47,380
So I was wounded here in the leg...

1059
01:01:50,902 --> 01:01:52,046
I fainted.

1060
01:01:53,198 --> 01:01:57,171
I was taken to a house to be treated...

1061
01:01:58,010 --> 01:02:03,183
There were women, youyous

1062
01:02:03,298 --> 01:02:06,349
when they were bringing in the wounded,
there were youyous...

1063
01:02:07,718 --> 01:02:11,420
We were beginning to treat us
in the ways and means...

1064
01:02:12,460 --> 01:02:14,088
Everybody's participating.

1065
01:02:14,399 --> 01:02:16,998
It's not : "You, you do this!
You there, you do that! "

1066
01:02:17,138 --> 01:02:18,726
Everyone was participating.

1067
01:02:19,073 --> 01:02:21,351
Whoever has medicine, he gives medicine.

1068
01:02:21,639 --> 01:02:24,198
It was not planned.

1069
01:02:33,015 --> 01:02:34,682
First there were the instructions:

1070
01:02:34,682 --> 01:02:36,705
you must not close
the doors of the houses

1071
01:02:36,885 --> 01:02:40,912
in case the police
charge the demonstrators.

1072
01:02:41,136 --> 01:02:44,404
so that they can take refuge
in the houses and find shelter.

1073
01:02:44,583 --> 01:02:45,301
and then

1074
01:02:45,301 --> 01:02:50,350
prepare handkerchiefs
soaked in vinegar and lemon.

1075
01:02:50,564 --> 01:02:52,789
against tear gas grenades

1076
01:02:53,456 --> 01:02:56,226
and especially opening mosques,
opening schools.

1077
01:02:56,881 --> 01:02:59,206
to house the wounded.

1078
01:02:59,492 --> 01:03:01,426
And that's when it started to happen.

1079
01:03:03,846 --> 01:03:09,605
a semblance of spontaneously
set up Algerian hospitals.

1080
01:03:09,872 --> 01:03:12,107
in mosques, in homes, in schools...

1081
01:03:12,722 --> 01:03:15,792
So, it was a form of organisation.

1082
01:03:16,055 --> 01:03:18,557
and then in the slogans,
in the making of the flags.

1083
01:03:18,862 --> 01:03:21,612
and in the making of signs and banners.

1084
01:03:21,756 --> 01:03:22,965
that's very important.

1085
01:03:47,233 --> 01:03:50,553
It's a people who have had years

1086
01:03:51,866 --> 01:03:54,579
maybe even decades

1087
01:03:55,058 --> 01:03:56,422
who's been...

1088
01:03:56,739 --> 01:03:59,745
It's like someone
who had something in their heart

1089
01:03:59,889 --> 01:04:01,348
and who got him out.

1090
01:04:01,789 --> 01:04:04,749
Careful, on December 11th,
you have to see what happened.

1091
01:04:05,373 --> 01:04:08,037
The children, the women, all

1092
01:04:08,225 --> 01:04:10,152
they even went to the tanks

1093
01:04:10,502 --> 01:04:12,392
They're not even afraid of tanks!

1094
01:04:17,822 --> 01:04:19,183
And even the women

1095
01:04:19,363 --> 01:04:21,556
when they did the youyous
on December 11th.

1096
01:04:21,839 --> 01:04:24,527
it's as if they've had the independence.

1097
01:04:25,547 --> 01:04:27,456
The youyous, they express

1098
01:04:27,456 --> 01:04:28,462
either moments of joy

1099
01:04:28,696 --> 01:04:30,534
Historian,
Lived in Constantine in 1960

1100
01:04:30,793 --> 01:04:32,374
or moments of extreme tension

1101
01:04:32,600 --> 01:04:37,812
and it's to galvanize,
as a sign of courage, daring...

1102
01:04:39,276 --> 01:04:41,101
It is said that many mothers

1103
01:04:42,632 --> 01:04:44,820
when they were told

1104
01:04:44,820 --> 01:04:47,346
of the death of their child,
their husband...

1105
01:04:48,679 --> 01:04:50,290
have been pushing youyous

1106
01:04:50,290 --> 01:04:52,500
It's for courage.

1107
01:04:52,995 --> 01:04:56,448
You have to have experienced it
in a procession of demonstrations

1108
01:04:56,581 --> 01:05:01,508
to measure its impact.

1109
01:05:01,954 --> 01:05:03,795
And the youyou
doesn't work alone.

1110
01:05:03,854 --> 01:05:05,478
Psychoanalyst
in Paris and Algiers.

1111
01:05:05,592 --> 01:05:07,273
It's women's youyous

1112
01:05:07,421 --> 01:05:09,118
and so,
there's a kind of portage.

1113
01:05:09,846 --> 01:05:12,508
that's going to bring to a rhythmicity

1114
01:05:12,846 --> 01:05:15,076
an impulse and a rhythmicity

1115
01:05:15,446 --> 01:05:17,477
that will pass through other bodies

1116
01:05:18,505 --> 01:05:21,605
It's about being part of the revolt.

1117
01:05:21,708 --> 01:05:23,575
This can't be an individual case.

1118
01:05:23,816 --> 01:05:28,071
No liberation,
on the scale of a society

1119
01:05:28,487 --> 01:05:30,289
is an individual matter.

1120
01:05:30,619 --> 01:05:31,676
You know

1121
01:05:32,466 --> 01:05:35,313
let's say,
a form of collective unconsciousness

1122
01:05:35,546 --> 01:05:37,003
of collective memory

1123
01:05:37,781 --> 01:05:39,622
wound-ridden

1124
01:05:39,656 --> 01:05:40,974
pain-ridden

1125
01:05:41,266 --> 01:05:44,532
that is not driven
by a hypothetical future

1126
01:05:44,715 --> 01:05:46,997
like we're gonna build socialism

1127
01:05:46,997 --> 01:05:48,457
and we'd know
what socialism is

1128
01:05:48,457 --> 01:05:49,964
and how
we're going to build it.

1129
01:05:49,964 --> 01:05:52,886
It's more animated
by collective wounds.

1130
01:05:52,886 --> 01:05:53,785
You see.

1131
01:05:53,919 --> 01:05:58,057
These are all the wounds
that inflicted colonial rape.

1132
01:05:59,290 --> 01:06:02,565
That's what can create
a collective reaction.

1133
01:06:04,108 --> 01:06:06,275
It's kind of a... no trance but...

1134
01:06:06,635 --> 01:06:09,251
it's some kind of delusion

1135
01:06:09,619 --> 01:06:11,540
but it's a delusion that, in reality...

1136
01:06:11,744 --> 01:06:14,852
thinks about the necessary reason.

1137
01:06:25,465 --> 01:06:27,294
I became a choreographer

1138
01:06:27,492 --> 01:06:31,352
and one day
I saw some traditional dances

1139
01:06:31,615 --> 01:06:34,049
and I understood
what a real traditional dance is...

1140
01:06:34,373 --> 01:06:38,473
and at that point,
I went even more towards trance rituals.

1141
01:06:38,473 --> 01:06:40,111
ecstatic rituals

1142
01:06:40,942 --> 01:06:44,086
and contrary to what one might imagine

1143
01:06:44,347 --> 01:06:47,088
in trance rituals,
people don't get up and dance...

1144
01:06:47,525 --> 01:06:51,077
they dance because
they can't help but dance.

1145
01:06:51,352 --> 01:06:54,346
We dance because we can't help it.

1146
01:06:54,628 --> 01:06:57,022
So, there's already a holdback that makes

1147
01:06:57,246 --> 01:06:58,869
when you get up

1148
01:06:58,965 --> 01:07:01,131
there's an explosion

1149
01:07:05,277 --> 01:07:07,297
A given group will meet

1150
01:07:07,914 --> 01:07:10,455
and is going to call in the insiders

1151
01:07:11,402 --> 01:07:13,324
to come to a certain place

1152
01:07:14,185 --> 01:07:15,742
to do this ritual

1153
01:07:16,117 --> 01:07:20,368
So it's all about community art.

1154
01:07:21,816 --> 01:07:23,695
where everyone has their place

1155
01:07:23,881 --> 01:07:27,692
the one who won't do it,
the one who won't dance.

1156
01:07:27,692 --> 01:07:29,034
the one who's going to dance

1157
01:07:29,034 --> 01:07:30,674
the one who's going
to free himself

1158
01:07:30,674 --> 01:07:32,673
the one who's going to
come into possession

1159
01:07:32,673 --> 01:07:34,355
the one who's going
to make the food

1160
01:07:34,355 --> 01:07:36,607
the one who cleans
the one who kills the animal.

1161
01:07:37,387 --> 01:07:39,928
Everyone participates in the ritual.

1162
01:07:40,447 --> 01:07:41,233
Everybody.

1163
01:07:50,389 --> 01:07:53,556
What Fanon tells us
about the body of the colonized

1164
01:07:53,556 --> 01:07:54,774
and colonial violence

1165
01:07:54,953 --> 01:07:56,125
is that the colonized

1166
01:07:56,125 --> 01:07:59,372
is someone who is
excluded from humanity

1167
01:07:59,577 --> 01:08:02,078
That's how he's being
treated politically...

1168
01:08:02,238 --> 01:08:04,067
And so it's a body
that's very rigid.

1169
01:08:04,161 --> 01:08:05,676
high-stressed

1170
01:08:06,066 --> 01:08:09,861
and finally,
it contains a permanent explosion

1171
01:08:10,184 --> 01:08:10,948
For him

1172
01:08:12,026 --> 01:08:16,332
liberation,
in this colonial context

1173
01:08:16,553 --> 01:08:18,076
can only be achieved by

1174
01:08:18,076 --> 01:08:21,561
releasing the vital energies
in the body.

1175
01:08:21,911 --> 01:08:24,334
And trance and dance

1176
01:08:24,634 --> 01:08:27,357
are the best way
to release those energies.

1177
01:08:27,357 --> 01:08:29,242
that are encysted in the body

1178
01:08:29,399 --> 01:08:33,342
that are prohibited from movement

1179
01:08:33,530 --> 01:08:35,185
to release them

1180
01:08:35,673 --> 01:08:37,154
also reconnecting

1181
01:08:37,340 --> 01:08:40,428
with the function of dance and trance

1182
01:08:40,631 --> 01:08:42,232
in the traditional system.

1183
01:08:56,008 --> 01:08:57,574
We were, I'll tell you what

1184
01:08:57,574 --> 01:08:58,760
I'm going to use words.

1185
01:08:59,005 --> 01:09:00,657
we were spellbound

1186
01:09:01,257 --> 01:09:04,435
and it lasted eight days
and eight nights.

1187
01:09:04,565 --> 01:09:06,837
We slept neither day nor night.

1188
01:09:07,008 --> 01:09:08,722
In the morning we demonstrated

1189
01:09:10,531 --> 01:09:16,479
and in the evenings
we'd all meet up with our families.

1190
01:09:16,758 --> 01:09:19,083
no one was keeping an eye out.

1191
01:09:20,048 --> 01:09:25,366
The day the president of
the Algerian provisional government

1192
01:09:26,472 --> 01:09:27,962
gave the order

1193
01:09:27,962 --> 01:09:29,928
I listened to it myself

1194
01:09:29,928 --> 01:09:31,728
I was a teenager...

1195
01:09:32,115 --> 01:09:34,167
he gave the order to stop

1196
01:09:34,408 --> 01:09:36,701
that the demonstrations should end.

1197
01:09:37,481 --> 01:09:39,319
Well, I assure you that tonight

1198
01:09:39,580 --> 01:09:41,486
it was sad for us young people

1199
01:09:42,168 --> 01:09:43,368
Why?

1200
01:09:43,504 --> 01:09:47,702
Because we'd gotten used to the protests

1201
01:09:47,951 --> 01:09:50,939
That day, I assure you we were sad.

1202
01:09:51,191 --> 01:09:53,527
It's a joy, it was freedom!

1203
01:09:53,687 --> 01:09:55,170
FLN militant
in Algiers in 1960

1204
01:09:55,365 --> 01:09:56,698
We felt like
we were gonna...

1205
01:09:56,698 --> 01:09:59,615
I don't know what actually made us say

1206
01:10:00,323 --> 01:10:02,255
we're finally going to
express ourselves

1207
01:10:02,255 --> 01:10:04,413
we're finally going to
cry out for our freedom

1208
01:10:04,586 --> 01:10:05,675
So, we were...

1209
01:10:08,005 --> 01:10:11,618
emotionally
we weren't exactly sure anymore

1210
01:10:11,618 --> 01:10:13,095
myself, even those around me

1211
01:10:13,451 --> 01:10:16,006
I couldn't tell who's who.

1212
01:10:32,160 --> 01:10:34,334
There are words that they told us

1213
01:10:34,739 --> 01:10:36,300
that have left their mark on us

1214
01:10:37,883 --> 01:10:39,082
This is your country.

1215
01:10:39,697 --> 01:10:41,050
Colonialism wants to take it

1216
01:10:41,763 --> 01:10:43,503
We're not leaving it!

1217
01:10:44,076 --> 01:10:48,417
Then each one fills with strength

1218
01:10:49,120 --> 01:10:50,670
But we didn't know
how to do that

1219
01:10:50,670 --> 01:10:51,920
so we went out with them.

1220
01:10:51,920 --> 01:10:53,599
To scream that
this is our country.

1221
01:10:53,759 --> 01:10:55,423
We're staying here, free.

1222
01:10:56,698 --> 01:10:59,729
I remember, we're this human wave

1223
01:10:59,908 --> 01:11:02,048
and then, well,
we get caught up in the crowd

1224
01:11:02,048 --> 01:11:03,077
like Edith Piaf said.

1225
01:11:03,299 --> 01:11:04,691
We're stuck in a crowd.

1226
01:11:05,222 --> 01:11:09,652
And I find myself
at the Wild Woman's Ravine.

1227
01:11:10,327 --> 01:11:17,765
and when I look up,
I see a stream coming down.

1228
01:11:17,898 --> 01:11:19,446
those of human beings

1229
01:11:19,860 --> 01:11:22,645
it's people walking down the street.

1230
01:11:22,748 --> 01:11:26,758
but it feels like
it's a river coming down on you.

1231
01:11:26,758 --> 01:11:28,929
because we're down here
and they're up there.

1232
01:11:41,412 --> 01:11:42,877
It's an historic injury

1233
01:11:43,046 --> 01:11:44,757
and that's the necessity of it

1234
01:11:44,757 --> 01:11:47,265
to collectively deal
with this injury here.

1235
01:11:47,687 --> 01:11:50,208
that makes it possible
for there to be like this

1236
01:11:50,208 --> 01:11:52,272
kinds of awakening,
of collective connection

1237
01:11:52,272 --> 01:11:54,513
and it's the memory of all the pain

1238
01:11:54,923 --> 01:11:56,937
that woke up a collective body

1239
01:11:58,034 --> 01:12:00,829
Besides, in Islam,
there are many hadiths of the Prophet

1240
01:12:00,829 --> 01:12:03,454
that say that, you know,
Muslims are like a body.

1241
01:12:03,825 --> 01:12:05,259
when someone's in pain,

1242
01:12:05,259 --> 01:12:06,973
it's the whole body that suffers...

1243
01:12:07,230 --> 01:12:08,902
and now the whole body was in pain

1244
01:12:08,902 --> 01:12:10,614
because everyone else was in pain...

1245
01:12:10,886 --> 01:12:13,390
So, everyone agreed
that it was necessary that

1246
01:12:13,390 --> 01:12:14,766
the pain was unbearable

1247
01:12:14,766 --> 01:12:17,101
and that it had to
manifest itself in any way

1248
01:12:17,324 --> 01:12:19,727
Afterwards, you even have
people's subconscious

1249
01:12:19,727 --> 01:12:22,133
that becomes a kind of
lucid subconscious

1250
01:12:22,373 --> 01:12:23,107
you know

1251
01:12:23,227 --> 01:12:25,050
that tells you to go anyway.

1252
01:12:25,280 --> 01:12:27,677
It's instantaneous.
I did that without thinking.

1253
01:12:28,130 --> 01:12:29,728
Of course I knew why.

1254
01:12:31,317 --> 01:12:32,764
But I wasn't thinking.

1255
01:12:32,764 --> 01:12:34,151
I just had to do it.

1256
01:12:34,708 --> 01:12:36,428
Just like everyone else.

1257
01:12:36,929 --> 01:12:39,150
Because one drop with several drops

1258
01:12:39,150 --> 01:12:40,835
it creates rivers.

1259
01:12:41,431 --> 01:12:42,812
Me with all the others

1260
01:12:43,634 --> 01:12:47,248
It was a nice rush to something.

1261
01:12:47,684 --> 01:12:48,967
towards an ideal.

1262
01:12:57,925 --> 01:13:01,412
It's like... the boiling point.

1263
01:13:02,874 --> 01:13:04,363
There was a boiling point.

1264
01:13:05,226 --> 01:13:06,810
The people had the opportunity.

1265
01:13:08,091 --> 01:13:10,431
« That's it, I'm fed up,
I'm expressing myself. »

1266
01:13:10,431 --> 01:13:12,687
« I'm going out in the street,
I don't care... »

1267
01:13:12,687 --> 01:13:16,050
« France can shoot at me,
I'm out anyway. »

1268
01:13:17,812 --> 01:13:19,557
That's what
December 11th is about.

1269
01:13:43,848 --> 01:13:45,855
And the past is archived

1270
01:13:46,635 --> 01:13:48,640
As the voice of freedom

1271
01:13:50,395 --> 01:13:52,935
The fifth term will follow

1272
01:13:53,206 --> 01:13:55,919
Between them the case is concluded

1273
01:13:57,190 --> 01:13:59,281
And the past is archived

1274
01:14:00,014 --> 01:14:02,846
As the voice of freedom

1275
01:14:04,366 --> 01:14:06,526
It's also a rather gigantic anguish

1276
01:14:06,743 --> 01:14:08,307
that manages to transform itself

1277
01:14:08,307 --> 01:14:10,523
because it's driven by political thought.

1278
01:14:10,523 --> 01:14:12,666
because it's carried by the collective.

1279
01:14:12,666 --> 01:14:14,597
It's not just rebellion like that.

1280
01:14:14,597 --> 01:14:16,984
It's generations and generations

1281
01:14:16,984 --> 01:14:22,477
that contained something
absolutely unbearable to live with

1282
01:14:23,640 --> 01:14:27,650
and at that point,
being caught up in a collective

1283
01:14:27,650 --> 01:14:29,697
in a mass rejection

1284
01:14:29,697 --> 01:14:32,973
to make room for the living in his body...

1285
01:14:33,627 --> 01:14:35,678
There's a collective catharsis

1286
01:14:36,168 --> 01:14:37,775
there is a collective release

1287
01:14:38,348 --> 01:14:40,450
in insurrection, revolt

1288
01:14:40,450 --> 01:14:41,952
and revolution.

1289
01:15:48,654 --> 01:15:51,820
The slave can only come out of slavery
through the master's door.

1290
01:15:52,636 --> 01:15:54,327
in a way, in a colonial situation

1291
01:15:54,460 --> 01:15:58,658
the slave can only get out of slavery
by kicking the master out of the house

1292
01:15:59,427 --> 01:16:02,874
Although it's not a definitive way
to solve the problem

1293
01:16:02,874 --> 01:16:04,588
because after the master left

1294
01:16:04,942 --> 01:16:07,094
the master is still in our heads.

1295
01:16:16,507 --> 01:16:20,167
It's every day, the struggle is daily

1296
01:16:20,963 --> 01:16:23,082
We women haven't stopped...

1297
01:16:23,227 --> 01:16:24,559
Until today.

1298
01:16:25,757 --> 01:16:28,405
I'm 75 years old, I've never stopped...

1299
01:16:29,522 --> 01:16:31,510
Because the fight didn't stop in 1962

1300
01:16:31,734 --> 01:16:33,027
that's where it started.

1301
01:16:34,389 --> 01:16:35,768
They shook the throne

1302
01:16:36,542 --> 01:16:38,187
People, there's nothing stronger

1303
01:16:40,894 --> 01:16:42,288
They’re the hero,

1304
01:16:43,050 --> 01:16:46,355
They’re the dignity

1305
01:16:46,355 --> 01:16:48,133
They’re everything.

1306
01:16:49,364 --> 01:16:51,351
The revolution was made by the people.

1307
01:16:52,386 --> 01:16:54,280
Now it's been diverted.

1308
01:16:55,234 --> 01:16:56,746
It's no longer the people.

1309
01:16:58,263 --> 01:17:00,540
It's the mujahid.

1310
01:17:00,963 --> 01:17:02,523
But everyone participated.

1311
01:17:03,654 --> 01:17:05,997
Now they say:
"This one is a hero".

1312
01:17:06,751 --> 01:17:09,318
Now, there's the super-Algerian
and the Algerian...

1313
01:17:10,074 --> 01:17:15,012
There's the Algerian who
allows himself to take everything...

1314
01:17:15,311 --> 01:17:17,281
and there's the Algerian
who has nothing.

1315
01:17:37,658 --> 01:17:39,078
All this colonial repression,

1316
01:17:39,078 --> 01:17:42,678
with all the abuses we know about,
torture, war crimes...

1317
01:17:43,088 --> 01:17:44,721
imprisonment, kidnapping...

1318
01:17:45,294 --> 01:17:47,966
Even that's not enough
to get the fish out of the water.

1319
01:17:47,966 --> 01:17:50,359
Even when you empty the water,
the fish stay alive.

1320
01:17:50,359 --> 01:17:53,530
Because you can't
fight the fury of the sea, you see.

1321
01:17:53,972 --> 01:17:55,173
It always comes back.

1322
01:17:56,482 --> 01:17:58,446
We don't fight hurricanes, brother.

1323
01:18:01,846 --> 01:18:03,389
What creates the rule in history

1324
01:18:03,521 --> 01:18:06,459
is to find the solution to

1325
01:18:06,459 --> 01:18:08,744
the relationship between master and slave.

1326
01:18:09,236 --> 01:18:11,733
And the relationship between
the master and the slave

1327
01:18:11,733 --> 01:18:12,582
contemporary

1328
01:18:12,795 --> 01:18:14,897
today, it still exists.

1329
01:18:16,109 --> 01:18:20,004
In dehumanization, in precarization

1330
01:18:20,413 --> 01:18:26,517
in the disintegration of the world-being

1331
01:18:28,359 --> 01:18:30,694
of most of humanity.

1332
01:18:31,472 --> 01:18:34,027
So, to rise up

1333
01:18:35,141 --> 01:18:39,218
and become a full-fledged global being...

1334
01:18:40,352 --> 01:18:42,029
it's a rule in history

1335
01:18:42,492 --> 01:18:44,447
It always has been
and it always will be.

1336
01:18:49,691 --> 01:18:53,282
It is thanks to this that
the Algerian people were able to defeat

1337
01:18:53,282 --> 01:18:54,928
the world's fourth largest power

1338
01:18:55,225 --> 01:18:56,315
It's just...

1339
01:18:56,315 --> 01:18:58,648
there was this giving of yourself,
for a cause.

1340
01:18:58,648 --> 01:19:03,123
Freedom.
There was nothing stronger than freedom.

1341
01:19:03,395 --> 01:19:06,278
And for freedom, we gave everything.

1342
01:19:08,254 --> 01:19:10,186
Freedom, you have to pay for it first.

1343
01:19:10,186 --> 01:19:12,256
You can't give it away
on a silver platter.

1344
01:19:12,256 --> 01:19:13,876
You have to fight for it.

1345
01:19:13,876 --> 01:19:15,284
Because freedom is priceless.

1346
01:19:16,152 --> 01:19:17,780
Freedom is priceless.